Table 1.

Characteristics of the participating hospitals

	Geneva University Hospitals	Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale
		Lugano	Bellinzona
Type of hospital	University tertiary-care hospital	Regional hospital
Number of acute-care beds in 2019	1100	306	229
Approximate overall admissions to acute-care medicine or surgery wards in 2019	26 000	8000	6000
Acute care defined daily doses per 100 patient days, 2017	48	50	42
Electronic health record	In-house development of EHRs and first elements of electronic health records in place since the 1970s, current clinical part of the EHR implemented since 2000	Based on the in-house system from Geneva University Hospitals
Computerised Physician Order Entry	Since 2006	Since 2016
Antibiotic-stewardship activities	Antibiotic-stewardship programme since 2007: local guidelines updated every 2 years; infectious disease consultations on demand; review of positive blood cultures; dedicated rounds in some divisions and real-time review of antibiotic prescriptions (ICU, HSCT, and SOT units); internal and external benchmarking of antibiotic usage and resistance; regular teaching sessions for physicians; advice on therapeutic drug monitoring on demand; no dedicated rounds in geriatric and internal medicine departments; and no real-time review of antibiotic prescriptions in geriatric and internal medicine departments	Local guidelines updated every 2 years; review of every positive blood culture; regular teaching sessions for physicians; real-time review of antibiotic prescriptions during infectious disease specialists rounds, once per week in Lugano and in selected wards in Bellinzona; and advice on therapeutic drug monitoring on demand in Lugano

EHR=electronic health record. ICU=intensive care units. HSCT=haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. SOT=solid-organ transplantation.