Table 1.
Studies showing the association of KSD with UTIs
| Author, year | Type of study (country) | Study population | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Holmgren et al. (1989) [17] | Retrospective (Sweden) | 1325 patients with KSD and UTI | Positive UC in 28% of pts with KSD; pts with UTI more often submitted to surgery |
| Jan et al. (2008) [18] | Cross-sectional study (Pakistan) | 100 patients with UTI and KSD | Frequency of KSD in pts with UTI was 18.98% |
| Geraghty et al. (2021) [19•] | Retrospective (UK) | 819 stone formers vs. 2477 non stone-formers | Pts with KSD had increased risk of UTI (HR 5.73); higher risk of UTI in pts with calcium oxalate (HR 6.36) and urate stones (HR 6.87) |
| Huang et al. (2012) [20] | Retrospective (Taiwan) | 1679 patients < 18 years with KSD and UTI | UTI most common condition associated with KSD (34.1%) |
| Cetin et al. (2020) [21] | Retrospective (Turkey) | 599 patients < 18 years with KSD and UTI | Age at diagnosis, metabolic alterations and size of stone were risk factors for UTI in pts with KSD |
| Tavichakorntrakool et al. (2012) [8] | Prospective, cohort study (Thailand) | 100 patients with KSD and UTI | Prevalence of UTI associated with KSD was 36% |
| Kitano et al. (2021) [22] | Retrospective (Japan) | 286 patients with S. aureus UTI | Pts with S. aureus-related UTI more likely to have KSD (OR 1.2) |
| Yilmaz (2012) [23] | Prospective, cohort study (Turkey) | 177 patients with KSD and UTI | KSD pts with leukocytosis, pyuria and fever had higher incidence of positive UC |
| Hsiao et al. (2019) [24] | Retrospective (Taiwan) | 662 patients with UTI (549 non-KSD vs. 113 KSD) | Pts with UTI and KSD had increased risk of septic shock (OR 1.80), AKI (OR 1.95) and bacteremia |
| De Cógáin et al. (2014) [45] | Prospective, cohort study (USA) | 125 patients with KSD undergoing PCNL | Non-struvite stones frequently associated with UTI |
| Xie et al. (2020) [47] | Retrospective (China) | 22 stone formers vs. 21 controls | Reduced species diversity and altered microbial profile in KDS pts urine samples |
AKI acute kidney injury, KSD kidney stone disease, PCNL percutaneous nephrolithotomy, pts patients, UC urine culture, UTI urinary tract infections