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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2022 May 24:S2405-8033(22)00097-8. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.04.010

Figure 3. Therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-immune symbiosis to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapies in GBM.

Figure 3.

Due to extensive infiltration of immunosuppressive immune cells (e.g., TAMs, MDSCs, neutrophils, and Tregs), GBM is featured as a “cold” tumor with relatively low cytotoxic T-cells. Targeting the GBM-immune symbiosis (e.g., GBM-TAM, GBM-MDSC, GBM-neutrophil, GBM-T cell, and CSC-Treg) shifts the “cold” TME to “hot”, thus inhibiting tumor growth and synergizing with immunotherapies (e.g., ICI therapies) in GBM. Abbreviations: GBM, glioblastoma; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage and microglia; TME, tumor microenvironment.