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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2022 Aug 19:S0166-2236(22)00144-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.07.002

Figure 3: Early Engagement of Prefrontal Cortex in the Recovery of Consciousness after Deep Anesthesia in Humans.

Figure 3:

Healthy volunteers were exposed to deep general anesthesia for three hours without surgical intervention and were allowed to recovery spontaneously. Just prior to return of consciousness (ROC), permutation entropy (PE) in prefrontal cortex exceeded that of the baseline condition with eyes closed (EC). After return of consciousness, an executive function mediated by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was one of the first cognitive domains to recover, further suggesting early engagement of prefrontal cortex in arousal. LOC=loss of consciousness, Maintenance=maintenance of general anesthesia. Reproduced from [57].