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. 2022 Sep 21;3:29. doi: 10.1186/s43556-022-00090-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Intracellular vesicle trafficking pathways. a The SNAREs, SM proteins, tethering proteins and other fusogenic proteins in intracellular vesicle trafficking pathways. In mammalian cells, intracellular vesicle trafficking includes the ER-to-Golgi transport, the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport, the TGN transport, the endocytic pathway, the membrane trafficking in autophagy and others. Different SNAREs and fusogenic proteins are assigned to different vesicle trafficking pathways. (Red, Qa-SNARE family; Light green, Qbc-SNARE family; Blue, R-SNARE family; Brown, SM protein; Pink, Tethering protein; Yellow, other fusogenic protein). Vps45, Vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog; GARP, Golgi-associated retrograde protein. b The working model of vesicle transport and tethering. Rab GTPases mediates vesicle transport along the cytoskeleton tracks (actin filaments or microtubules) by indirectly binding via motor adaptors or directly binding to motor proteins. After cargo containing vesicles being loaded, motor proteins drive vesicles moving along cytoskeleton tracks to the destination by hydrolysis of ATP. Afterwards, GTP-bound Rab recruits tethering proteins to dock vesicles with the acceptor membrane. The copyright permission of panels a and b are from [3, 78]