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An overview of the metabolomics analysis workflow, and the inclusion and exclusion flowchart of the case-control study. * The sample collection and testing in untargeted metabolomics were conducted in our previous study. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
