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. 2022 Sep 8;13:986303. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986303

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Tang, Jin, Ren, Li, Zhang, Zhong, Cao, Wang, Zhou, Zhao, Huang and Qu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) The volcano map of the log2 (FC) and −log10 (p-value) showed that 65 differential metabolites were significantly different between T2DM samples (n = 9) and NPDR samples (n = 10). Compared with NPDR samples, 57 metabolic features were significantly increased (red dots) and 8 metabolic features were significantly decreased (green dots) in T2DM samples. (B) The volcano map of the log2 (FC) and −log10 (p-value) showed that 48 differential metabolites were significantly different between T2DM samples (n = 9) and PDR samples (n = 10). Compared with PDR samples, 36 metabolic features were significantly increased (red dots) and 12 metabolic features were significantly decreased (green dots) in T2DM samples. (C) The volcano map of the log2 (FC) and −log10 (p-value) showed that 56 differential metabolites were significantly different between T2DM samples (n = 9) and DR samples (n = 20). Compared with DR samples, 41 metabolic features were significantly increased (red dots) and 15 metabolic features were significantly decreased (green dots) in T2DM samples. (D) The volcano map of the log2 (FC) and −log10 (p-value) showed that 31 differential metabolites were significantly different between NPDR samples (n = 10) and PDR samples (n = 10). Compared with PDR samples, 12 metabolic features were significantly increased (red dots) and 19 metabolic features were significantly decreased (green dots) in NPDR samples. FC, fold change; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.