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. 2022 Sep 8;13:986303. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986303

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Tang, Jin, Ren, Li, Zhang, Zhong, Cao, Wang, Zhou, Zhao, Huang and Qu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The forest plots of IAA, CDCA, Cit and EPA among groups. After multiple linear regression analyses of age, diabetes duration, FPG and HbA1 for differential metabolites between groups, (A) the serum level of IAA between T2DM group and NPDR group, NPDR group and control group, and NPDR group and PDR group were statistically significant, (B) the serum level of CDCA between NPDR group and PDR group was also statistically significant, and (C) the serum Cit level between T2DM group and NPDR group was of borderline statistical significance. (D) The serum levels of EPA which showed no statistically significant difference among the groups. CI, confidence interval; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; Cit, L-Citrulline; IAA, Indoleacetic acid; 1-MH, 1-Methylhistidine; CDCA, Chenodeoxycholic acid; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid.