Table 2.
Metabolites of DR critical period identified from targeted and untargeted metabolomic profiling (13).
| Targeted Metabolomics | Untargeted Metabolomics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM vs. NPDR | T2DM vs. PDR | T2DM vs. DR | NPDR vs. PDR | T2DM vs. NPDR | T2DM vs. PDR | T2DM vs. DR | NPDR vs. PDR | |
| L-Citrulline Ratio P-value |
1.501 0.008 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
0.619 0.036 |
— |
| Indoleacetic acid Ratio P-value |
0.536 0.001 |
— |
0.653 0.009 |
1.516 0.007 |
— |
— |
0.681 0.013 |
— |
| 1-Methylhistidine Ratio P-value |
— |
0.683 0.031 |
0.771 0.028 |
— |
— |
0.486 0.031 |
— |
— |
| Hexanoylcarnitine Ratio P-value |
1.396 0.044 |
— |
1.385 0.043 |
— |
— |
1.594 0.008 |
— |
— |
| Chenodeoxycholic acid Ratio P-value |
— |
— |
— |
9.819 0.011 |
0.344 0.011 |
— |
0.316 < 0.001 |
— |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid Ratio P-value |
— |
— |
— |
1.784 0.010 |
— |
1.667 < 0.001 |
— |
1.948 0.012 |
| Phosphatidylcholines PC C16:0 Ratio P-value |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
0.680 < 0.001 |
0.753 0.003 |
0.805 0.014 |
| PC C32:1 Ratio P-value |
1.427 0.012 |
1.440 0.002 |
1.434 0.002 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| PC C32:2 Ratio P-value |
1.366 0.027 |
1.632 0.002 |
1.494 < 0.001 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| PC C34:4 Ratio P-value |
— |
1.862 0.005 |
1.592 0.016 |
1.321 0.039 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| PC C36:6 Ratio P-value |
1.309 0.041 |
1.773 0.001 |
1.506 0.007 |
1.354 0.009 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
| PC C42:4 Ratio P-value |
1.260 0.001 |
1.252 0.005 |
1.256 <0.001 |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
PC, Phosphatidylcholine; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy.