Table 4.

The multiple linear regression result of the differential metabolites between groups.

	Indoleacetic acid		Chenodeoxycholic acid		L-Citrulline		Eicosapentaenoic acid
Groups	Unstandardized Coefficients B (95.0% CI)	P-value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (95.0% CI)	P-value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (95.0% CI)	P-value	Unstandardized Coefficients B (95.0% CI)	P-value
Age	-0.021 (-0.055, 0.014)	0.229	0.006 (-0.020, 0.032)	0.635	0.034 (-0.546, 0.614)	0.905	0.013 (-0.003, 0.030)	0.105
Diabetes duration	0.013 (-0.023, 0.048)	0.472	-0.008 (-0.035, 0.018)	0.535	-0.450 (-1.050, 0.150)	0.136	0.000 (-0.017, 0.016)	0.967
FPG	0.057 (-0.028, 0.143)	0.181	0.042 (-0.022, 0.106)	0.193	1.019 (-0.432, 2.470)	0.162	-0.003 (-0.044, 0.038)	0.881
HbA1	-0.176 (-0.423, 0.070)	0.154	-0.102 (-0.287, 0.082)	0.266	-1.907 (-6.083, 2.269)	0.358	0.019 (-0.098, 0.136)	0.746
T2DM vs. Control	0.187 (-0.604, 0.978)	0.632	-0.415 (-1.007, 0.178)	0.163	-11.207 (-24.613, 2.199)	0.098	0.220 (-0.156, 0.596)	0.241
T2DM vs. NPDR	1.323 (0.663, 1.984)	< 0.001	0.197 (-0.298, 0.692)	0.423	-10.923 (-22.122, 0.276)	0.056	0.087 (-0.227, 0.401)	0.577
T2DM vs. PDR	0.305 (-0.436, 1.046)	0.407	-0.283 (-0.838, 0.272)	0.306	-2.905 (-15.463, 9.654)	0.640	-0.131 (-0.483, 0.221)	0.452
NPDR vs. Control	-1.136 (-2.188, -0.084)	0.035	-0.612 (-1.399, 0.176)	0.123	-0.284 (-18.108, 17.541)	0.974	0.134 (-0.366, 0.633)	0.589
NPDR vs. PDR	-1.019 (-1.583, -0.454)	0.001	-0.480 (-0.903, -0.057)	0.028	8.018 (-1.555, 17.592)	0.097	-0.218 (-0.486, 0.050)	0.108
PDR vs. Control	-0.118 (-1.290, 1.055)	0.839	-0.132 (-1.010, 0.746)	0.761	-8.302 (-28.177, 11.573)	0.400	0.351 (-0.206, 0.909)	0.207

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; CI, confidence interval.