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. 2022 Sep 8;13:1006081. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006081

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Copyright © 2022 Kaur, Ali and Yan

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mutual interactions between commensal bacteria and IECs. p40 is a functional factor secreted from the gut commensal bacteria. p40 has immediate effects on transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR) and its downstream target, Akt, leading to protective responses in IECs for preventing and treating colitis (1). p40 also exerts sustained effects on IECs through upregulation of Setd1β expression and histone 3 (H3) methylation on lysine residue (H3K4me1/3) to stimulate TGFβ gene expression and protein production by IECs, thus p40 supplementation in early life prevents colitis in adulthood (2). IEC-released extracellular vehicles (EVs) communicate with commensal bacteria and promote the function of commensal bacteria (3).