TABLE 1.

Pharmacological activities of M. officinalis How. in AD treatment.

Tested substance	Models	Tested living system/cell	Results	Dose range	Application time	Main anti-AD mechanism	References
Bajijiasu	APP/PS1 mice	Mice	Suppress the neuroinflammatory response, increase expression of neurotrophic factors	80 mg/kg/d	4 weeks	Inhibit neuroinflammation	Cai et al., 2017
OMO	D-Galactose/Aβ25–35 induced rat model	Rats	Alleviate oxidative damage, increase neurotransmitter levels and relative synaptophysin expression	480 mg/kg/d	4 weeks	Anti-oxidant effects	Deng et al., 2020
OMO	Aβ25–35 induced rats	Rats	Enhance oxidation resistance, activate brain energy metabolism and improve the injury of cholinergic system.	60 mg/kg/d	25 days	Enhance oxidation resistance	Chen et al., 2013b
Bajijiasu	Aβ25–35 induced cell	Pheochromocy toma cells	Reverse the reduction in cell viability, blockade of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.	40 μM	2 h	Against oxidative stress	Chen et al., 2013a
Bajijiasu	APP/PS1 mice	Mice	Reduced ROS and MDA levels, and alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress.	70 mg/kg/d	4 weeks	Alleviate oxidative stress	Xu et al., 2018
Bajijiasu	Aβ25–35 induced rats	Rats	Enhance antioxidative activity and energy metabolism, and attenuate cholinergic system damage	2 g/kg/d	2 weeks	Inhibit oxidative stress	Chen et al., 2014b
OMO	APP/PS1 transgenic/C57BL/6J male mice	Mice	Improve in the gut microbiome and metabolome	100 mg/kg/d	4 weeks	Regulate the key microbiota-metabolite pairs	Xin et al., 2019
FOS	D-Galactose/Aβ25–35 induced rat model	Rats	Alter the gut structure of the microbiota, promote the engraftment ability of Bifidobacterium	100 mg/kg/d	28 days	Alter the diversity and stability of the microbial community	Chen et al., 2017

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; OMO, oligosaccharides of Morinda officinalis How.; FOS, fructose-oligosaccharides.