TABLE 7.

Natural compounds intervening CHD through the regulation of gut microbiota.

Natural compounds	Structural changes in gut microbiota	Possible mechanism of action	References
Resveratrol	Ruminococcaceae_uncultured↓ Prevotella↓ Bacteroides↑ Akkermansia↑ Lactobacillus↑	Reshaping the gut microbiota to regulate TMAO synthesis and bile acids (BAs) metabolism	(57)
Seaweed	Lactobacilli↑ Bacteroides↓	Promoting the production of SCFAs	(63)
Berberine	Akkermansia↑ Bacteroides↑ Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group↑ Eubacterium↑	Improving hypercholesterolemia and systemic inflammation; Inhibiting the production of TMA/TMAO and choline-to-TMA conversion	(64, 65)
Ligustrum robustum	Actinobacteria↑ Bifidobacterium↑ Rikenellaceae_R9_gut_group↑ Prevotellaceae_UCG-001↓ Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group↓ uncultured_Bacteroidales_bacterium↓ Lachnospiraceae_FCS020_group↓ Odoribacter↓ Oscillibacter↓	Reducing serum TMAO levels and increasing fecal BA excretion	(59)
Ginseng	Firmicutes↓ Bacteroidetes↑	Repairing the intestinal barrier and alleviating metabolic endotoxemia related inflammation	(66)
Mulberry Leaf	Leptotrichia↑ Bacteroidetes↑	Promoting the fermentation of gut microbiota and excretion of BA by the production of SCFA	(60)
Saussurea involucrata	Not mentioned	Stimulating intestinal bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids in vitro, further contributing to the effect in myocardial ischemia	(67)
naringin	Bacteroides↓ Bifidobacterium↓ Clostridium↓ Eubacterium↑	Modulating the abundances of bile salt hydrolase- and 7α-dehydroxylase-producing bacteria, promoting bile acid synthesis from cholesterol	(58)
Lingonberry	Bacteroides↑ Parabacteroides↑ Clostridium↑	Lowering plasma total cholesterol and LDL-VLDL, but increasing cecal proportion of propionic acid	(26)