. 2022 Sep 15;8(9):e10636. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10636

Table 2.

Differences in biomass pyrolysis among other thermal conversion Technologies [11].

Process	Temperature range (°C)	Products	Description
Evaporation	100–200	Solid: Roasted wood	Endothermic; Evaporation; External heat penetrates particle
Evaporation	100–200	Vapor: Water	Endothermic; Evaporation; External heat penetrates particle
Torrefaction	225–200	Solid: Roasted wood	Endothermic; Hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose decomposition, Light extractives evaporation, Intermolecular dehydration reactions; Mass density decreases; Volatile organics can combust
Torrefaction	225–200	Vapor: Water, volatile organics
Pyrolysis	300–650	Solid: Charcoal	Endothermic for fast pyrolysis, exothermic for slow pyrolysis; solid, liquid, and vapor reactions; cellulose decomposition; lignin decomposition; mass density decreases; Volatile organics can combust
Pyrolysis	300–650	Vapor: Light organics, heavy organics
Gasification	700–850	Solid: ash	Endothermic if water is oxidizing agent, exothermic if oxygen is oxidizing agent; Volatilization of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in char; gasification of volatile pyrolysis oil; Syngas can combust
Gasification	700–850	Vapor: Syngas (CO, CO₂, H₂, CH₄, H₂O)
Combustion of vapors	450–2000	CO₂, CO, H₂O	Exothermic; consumption of oxygen; requires ignition at high temperatures and/or pressures