Table 3.
Factors associated with transiting to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or death in the cohort with baseline eGFR 59–30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
| Transition to eGFR<30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Transition to death | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Male | 1.80 (1.29–2.53) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.90–1.72) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 1.52 (1.09–2.13) | 0.01 | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 0.9 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.9 | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) | 0.16 |
| Smoker | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) | 0.9 | 1.39 (1.03–1.88) | 0.03 |
| Alcohol drinker | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 0.74 | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 0.64 |
| Regular exerciser | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 0.52 | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 0.24 |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 0.9 | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 0.20 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<12.6) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (12.6–13.6) | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | 0.07 | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.70 |
| Q3 (13.7–14.6) | 0.54 (0.38–0.79) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.65–1.32) | 0.67 |
| Q4 (≥14.7) | 0.47 (0.31–0.70) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.60–1.34) | 0.60 |
| Albumin, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<4.2) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (4.2–4.3) | 0.95 (0.65–1.396) | 0.79 | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0.17 |
| Q3 (4.4–4.6) | 1.06 (0.75–1.49) | 0.74 | 0.79 (0.57–1.11) | 0.17 |
| Q4 (≥4.7) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.43 | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<85) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (85–92) | 0.64 (0.43–0.94) | 0.02 | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 0.77 |
| Q3 (93–103) | 0.72 (0.49–1.08) | 0.11 | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.66 |
| Q4 (≥104) | 1.03 (0.68–1.57) | 0.89 | 1.37 (0.91–2.07) | 0.13 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<180) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (180–204) | 1.17 (0.73–1.86) | 0.52 | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.45 |
| Q3 (205–233) | 0.65 (0.34–1.23) | 0.19 | 0.79 (0.44–1.43) | 0.43 |
| Q4 (≥233) | 0.77 (0.35–1.71) | 0.52 | 0.47 (0.21–1.06) | 0.07 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<88) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (88–122) | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | 0.67 | 1.16 (0.83–1.62) | 0.39 |
| Q3 (123–178) | 1.47 (0.95–2.03) | 0.09 | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 0.46 |
| Q4 (≥179) | 1.75 (1.03–2.99) | 0.04 | 1.39 (0.86–2.23) | 0.18 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<47) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (47–55) | 0.75 (0.52–1.06) | 0.11 | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 0.39 |
| Q3 (56–65) | 0.66 (0.44–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) | 0.78 |
| Q4 (≥66) | 0.77 (0.47–1.26) | 0.30 | 1.10 (0.69–1.75) | 0.68 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<97.4) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (97.4–120.3) | 1.23 (0.78–1.93) | 0.38 | 0.91 (0.60–1.37) | 0.64 |
| Q3 (120.4–142) | 1.97 (1.10–3.51) | 0.02 | 0.95 (0.54–1.66) | 0.85 |
| Q4 (≥143) | 1.71 (0.83–3.55) | 0.15 | 1.44 (0.70–2.96) | 0.33 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | ||||
| Q1 (<5.4) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (5.4–6.4) | 1.30 (0.84–2.00) | 0.24 | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | 0.47 |
| Q3 (6.5–7.8) | 1.33 (0.87–2.02) | 0.19 | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 0.87 |
| Q4 (≥7.9) | 1.42 (0.94–2.15) | 0.10 | 1.28 (0.88–1.85) | 0.19 |
| Proteinuria | ||||
| Grade 0 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Grade 1 | 1.61 (0.92–2.82) | 0.1 | 1.22 (0.69–2.14) | 0.50 |
| Grade 2 | 1.61 (1.08–2.04) | 0.02 | 1.63 (1.16–2.30) | 0.005 |
| ≥Grade 3 | 3.60 (2.69–4.80) | <0.01 | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) | 0.61 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| Q1 (<47.3) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| Q2 (47.3–53.0) | 0.32 (0.23–0.43) | <0.01 | 0.95 (0.66–1.36) | 0.78 |
| Q3 (53.1–56.8) | 0.14 (0.08–0.22) | <0.01 | 1.03 (0.72–1.46) | 0.88 |
| Q4 (≥56.9) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13) | <0.01 | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.56 |
CI, confidence interval; Q, quartile.
The estimated glomerular filtration rate value was calculated by the CKD-EPI equation.
The illness-death model assuming the baseline hazard function was fitted Weibull distribution with shape: 1.9 and scale: 0.01 for transiting to eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, with shape: 8.1 and scale: 0.01 for transiting to death, and with shape: 8.3 and scale: 0.01 for transiting to death after eGFR state transition.
All the above factors are forced into the model, and a p-value <0.05 is considered statistical significance.