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. 2022 Sep 8;16:926804. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.926804

TABLE 1.

Characteristics and comparisons of clinical variables between the overweight or obese and underweight or normal groups.

Healthy individuals (n = 382) Range Overweight or obese group (n = 62) Underweight or normal group (n = 320) Statistical comparions
Age (years) 46.9 ± 14.3 18–75 48.1 ± 11.0 46.7 ± 14.8 F = 0.49, p = 0.48, η2 = 0.002
Men (%) 142 (37.2) 35 (56.5) 107 (33.4) χ2 = 11.78, p = 6.0.E-4, φ = −0.176
Education (years) 14.8 ± 2.2 9–22 14.5 ± 2.0 14.8 ± 2.2 F = 0.94, p = 0.33, η2 = 0.003
BMI (kg/m2) 22.1 ± 3.2 14.4–36.8 27.6 ± 2.4 21.1 ± 2.0 F = 509.77, p = 3.4.E-72, η2 = 0.573
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) (%) 6 (1.6) 6 (9.7) 0 (0.0) χ2 = 31.46, p = 2.0.E-8, φ = 0.287
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) (%) 56 (14.7) 56 (90.3) 0 (0.0) χ2 = 338.68, p = 1.2.E-75, φ = 0.942
Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) (%) 290 (75.9) 0 (0.0) 290 (90.6) χ2 = 233.30, p = 1.1.E-52, φ = −0.781
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) (%) 30 (7.8) 0 (0.0) 30 (9.4) χ2 = 6.31, p = 0.012, φ = −0.129
Japanese Adult Reading Test 80.6 ± 11.4 46–99 76.6 ± 13.8 81.3 ± 10.7 F = 9.07, p = 0.0028, η2 = 0.024
Total intracranial volume (voxels) 1474.1 ± 142.6 805.8–1969.4 1525.9 ± 139.3 1464.1 ± 141.3 F = 10.00, p = 0.0017, η2 = 0.026
Total gray matter volume (voxels) 645.0 ± 69.8 174.3–896.7 658.5 ± 59.0 642.4 ± 71.5 F = 1.08, p = 0.30, η2 = 0.001
Total white matter volume (voxels) 520.3 ± 58.9 314.7–750.1 549.2 ± 61.6 514.7 ± 56.8 F = 10.68, p = 0.0012, η2 = 0.007
Total cerebrospinal fluid volume (voxels) 308.8 ± 56.9 194.0–506.4 318.2 ± 57.2 307.0 ± 56.7 F = 3.06, p = 0.08, η2 = 0.004

BMI, body mass index. Values are mean ± standard deviation. Significant p-values are shown in bold cases.