Table 2.
Efficacy of interventions to improve physical health in subjects with mood disorders, compared to Placebo/TAU/Wait list/No treatment.
| Age group | Population | Intervention | Control | ES type | ES (95% CI) | p-value | k | n | R | C | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes | |||||||||||
| CHD readmission | |||||||||||
| Adults | CHD, Depression | SSRI | Placebo/no intervention | RR | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | 0.003 | 5 | 2461 | 1 | 4 | M |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Youth, Adults | Depression | SSRI | Placebo | SMD | −0.11 (−0.17 to −0.05) | <0.0001 | 17 | 4662 | 1 | 7 | H |
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.11 (−0.20 to −0.01) | 0.04 | 6 | 1594 | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.10 (−0.20 to 0.001) | 0.053 | 6 | 1547 | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Escitalopram | Placebo | SMD | −0.13 (−0.30 to 0.03) | 0.11 | 2 | 628 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Sertraline | Placebo | SMD | −0.10 (−0.26 to 0.06) | 0.21 | 2 | 609 | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Exercise tolerance | |||||||||||
| Elderly | COPD, Depression | SSRI | Placebo | SMD | 1.27 (−0.87 to 3.41) | 0.25 | 2 | 148 | 0 | 4 | M |
| FEV1 | |||||||||||
| Elderly | COPD, Depression | SSRI | Placebo | SMD | 0.08 (−0.25 to 0.04) | 0.65 | 2 | 148 | 0 | 4 | M |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Levomilnacipran | Placebo | NNH | 75 (44– 274) | <0.05 | 5 | 2623 | 0 | 5 | L |
| Major adverse cardiac event + physical functioning | |||||||||||
| Adults | ACS, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.76 (0.60–0.98) | 0.032 | 5 | 866 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Orthostatic hypotension | |||||||||||
| Youth | Depression | SSRI | Placebo | RRa | 0.91 (0.05–14.5) | >0.05 | na | 2097 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Adults | Depression | Levomilnacipran | Placebo | NNH | 53 (na) | >0.05 | 5 | 2623 | 0 | 5 | L |
| Palpitations | |||||||||||
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Imipramine | Placebo | OR | 3.04 (1.56–5.94) | <0.05 | 2 | 422 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Respiratory disorder | |||||||||||
| Youth | Depression | SSRI | Placebo | RR | 0.86 (0.48–1.57) | >0.05 | na | 2097 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Placebo | RR | 0.58 (0.23–1.45) | >0.05 | na | 2097 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Youth, Adults | Depression | Paroxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.11 (−0.21 to −0.01) | 0.03 | 6 | 1547 | 1 | 7 | M |
| SSRI | Placebo | SMD | −0.09 (−0.15 to −0.03) | 0.003 | 17 | 4662 | 1 | 8 | H | ||
| Sertraline | Placebo | SMD | −0.12 (−0.29 to 0.05) | 0.17 | 2 | 609 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.01) | 0.08 | 6 | 1594 | 1 | 7 | M | ||
| Escitalopram | Placebo | SMD | −0.01 (−0.17 to 0.15) | 0.92 | 2 | 628 | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Tachycardia | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Amitriptyline | Placebo | OR | 3.88 (1.71 to 8.80) | 0.001 | 5 | 384 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Levomilnacipran | Placebo | NNH | 25 (19 to 40) | < 0.05 | 5 | 2623 | 0 | 5 | L | ||
| VO2 max or peak | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Physical exercise | No exercise | g | −0.64 (−0.96 to −0.32) | <0.001 | 8 | 498 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Metabolic outcomes | |||||||||||
| BMI | |||||||||||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | g | 0.17 (−0.02 to 0.36) | 0.07 | 2 | 438 | 2 | 1 | L |
| Cortisol | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Physical exercise | No exercise | SMD | 0.65 (−0.01 to 1.30) | >0.05 | 5 | 209 | 1 | 0 | L |
| Fasting glucose | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | 2.10 (−0.52 to 4.73) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M |
| Olanzapine+fluoxetine | Placebo | MDa | 0.00 (−2.57 to 2.55) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (225) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | −1.09 (−4.57 to 2.37) | >0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | g | −0.45 (−0.85 to −0.05) | 0.03 | 2 | 715 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 38 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | −177 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MD a | 0.2 (0.03–0.37) | 0.02 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Aripiprazole | Placebo | MDa | 0.90 (−2.17 to 4.12) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Cariprazine | Placebo | MDa | 0.07 (−1.31 to 1.70) | >0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | −1.45 (−5.50 to 2.64) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | MDa | −0.34 (−3.18 to 2.17) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 1.54 (−0.76 to 3.95) | >0.05 | 7 (4) | 3267 (1461) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 0.001 (−1.21 to 2.03) | >0.05 | 7 (3) | 3267 (871) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | 1.15 (−0.82 to 3.12) | >0.05 | 18 (6) | na (2756) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| T1&2DM, Depression | CBT | TAU | SMD | −0.63 (−0.94 to −0.33) | <0.0001 | 3 | 175 | 2 | 1 | L | |
| SSRI | Placebo | SMD | −0.31 (−0.57 to −0.06) | <0.05 | 5 | 247 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.19 (−0.58 to 0.19) | >0.05 | 3 | 104 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| T2DM, Depression | Mixed psychological interventions | TAU | SMD | −0.93 (−1.15 to −0.71) | <0.00001 | 22 | 2000 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| 2 - hour postprandial plasma glucose | |||||||||||
| Adults | T2DM, Depression | Mixed psychological interventions | TAU | SMD | −0.84 (−1.13 to −0.56) | <0.00001 | 17 | 1585 | 1 | 3 | L |
| HbA1c | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | 69 (37–525) | <0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 107 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | SMD | 0.14 (−0.07 to 0.35) | >0.05 | 3 (1) | 1223 (253) | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | SMD | 0.05 (−0.15 to 0.24) | >0.05 | 3 (1) | 1223 (514) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.13) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | >0.05 | 7 (3) | 3267 (875) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| T1&2DM, Depression | Mixed pharmacological | TAU/WL/Placebo | SMD | −0.99 (−1.85 to −0.13) | 0.024 | 6 | 432 | 1 | 1 | L | |
| Psychotherapy | TAU/WL/Placebo | SMD | −0.61 (−1.07 to −0.15) | 0.01 | 9 | 958 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| SSRI | Placebo | SMD | −0.29 (−0.52 to −0.05) | 0.02 | 7 | 428 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Any treatment for depression (psychotherapy, pharmacological, collaborative care) | TAU | SMD | −0.27 (−0.40 to −0.15) | <0.001 | 12 | 1666 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Collaborative care | TAU | SMD | −0.23 (−0.39 to −0.08) | 0.003 | 7 | 1556 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Any intervention (collaborative care, psychotherapy, pharmacological, online-based, phone-based, exercise, group-based) | TAU/WL/Placebo | SMD | −0.21 (−0.33 to −0.09) | 0.001 | 24 | 3415 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Collaborative care | TAU/WL/Placebo | SMD | −0.21 (−0.36 to −0.05) | 0.01 | 5 | 1470 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| CBT | TAU | SMD | −0.22 (−0.53 to 0.08) | 0.15 | 7 | 759 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| T2DM, Depression | Mixed psychological interventions | TAU | SMD | −0.81 (−1.10 to −0.53) | <0.00001 | 22 | 1765 | 1 | 2 | L | |
| Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 1.31 (0.85–2.01) | 0.228 | 3 | 774 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Insulin | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 12.9 (−19.4 to 46.3) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 2.70 (−19.4 to 35.4) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (510) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| HDL cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | 2.30 (−0.07 to 4.67) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | −0.39 (−2.75 to 1.96) | >0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | g | −0.23 (−0.49 to 0.02) | 0.07 | 2 | 715 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.88 (−0.85 to 2.61) | >0.05 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M |
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | SMD | −0.16 (−0.37 to 0.06) | >0.05 | 3 (1) | 1223 (253) | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | SMD | 0.12 (−0.07 to 0.31) | >0.05 | 3 (1) | 1223 (514) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | −1.05 (−3.01 to 0.94) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | −0.04 (−1.59 to 1.27) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (580) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| LDL cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | −5.90 (−10.51 to −1.30) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | −0.69(−6.21 to 4.82) | >0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | −171 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | −148 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.06 (−0.11 to 0.23) | >0.05 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Aripiprazole | Placebo | MDa | −0.50 (−4.09 to 3.14) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Cariprazine | Placebo | MDa | −0.67 (−3.23 to 0.42) | >0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | 1.18 (−3.86 to 6.23) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.42 (−1.23 to 2.16) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 0.49 (−5.93 to 7.04) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 1.77 (−2.71 to 7.67) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (567) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | −0.59 (−4.23 to 3.00) | >0.05 | 18 (3) | na (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Total cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Placebo | MDa | 20.47 (13.97 to 26.94) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (225) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | −4.89 (−10.29 to 0.55) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | 5.40 (−0.72 to 11.48) | >0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 0.59 (0.36–0.97) | 0.04 | 2 | 715 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 1000 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | −108 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.08 (−0.09 to 0.25) | >0.05 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine | Placebo | MDa | 7.06 (2.47–12.0) | <0.05 | 18 (3) | na (1329) | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | MDa | 0.50 (−5.64 to 6.60) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Cariprazine | Placebo | MDa | −2.05 (−5.90 to 1.67) | >0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | 1.72 (−6.56 to 9.94) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 1.97 (−7.77 to 11.8) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 3.65 (−4.68 to 13.1) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (580) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | 0.50 (−4.86 to 5.88) | >0.05 | 18 (3) | na (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Placebo | MDa | 38.57 (21.41–55.77) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (225) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | 34.87 (20.08–49.67) | <0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | −13.43 (−26.63 to −0.25) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | g | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.23) | 0.27 | 2 | 715 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 27 (na) | >0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.14 (−0.03 to 0.31) | >0.05 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Aripiprazole | Placebo | MDa | 0.98 (−10.48 to 12.47) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Cariprazine | Placebo | MDa | 1.35 (−1.27 to 6.50) | >0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | MDa | −3.05 (−15.37 to 9.55) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | MDa | 1.85 (−1.88 to 8.64) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | MDa | 11.3 (−20.6 to 44.6) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (766) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | MDa | 13.5 (−14.7 to 45.8) | >0.05 | 7 (2) | 3267 (580) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | MDa | 11.1 (−2.75 to 24.9) | >0.05 | 18 (3) | na (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Elevation of metabolic blood parameters (lipids and glucose-related) | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Olanzapine | Placebo | OR | 4.46 (2.07–9.58) | <0.05 | 4 | na | 1 | 2 | L |
| Quetiapine | Placebo | OR | 2.45 (1.80–3.34) | <0.05 | 2 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Liver enzymes elevation | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Olanzapine | Placebo | RR | 10.3 (2.85–37.4) | 0.0001 | 2 | 254 | 1 | 4 | M |
| Waist circumference | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Placebo | MDa | 0.16 (−0.01 to 0.33) | >0.05 | 2 | 581 | 2 | 5 | M |
| Weight gain | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 44.8 (11.2–148) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (225) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Lurasidone | Placebo | OR | 0.82 (0.22–2.13) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | OR | 2.59 (0.79–6.74) | >0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | g | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | 0.54 | 4 | 1,005 | 2 | 3 | L |
| Lithium | Placebo | SMD | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.30) | >0.05 | 3 | 437 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 2.33 (1.34–4.03) | <0.05 | 7 | 2780 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | SGA | Placebo | RRa | 6.40 (3.90–11.0) | <0.05 | 4 | 1954 | 1 | 5 | M |
| Antipsychotics LAI | Placebo | RR | 2.32 (1.33–4.06) | 0.003 | 4 | 960 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 19 (13–37) | <0.05 | 7 | 473 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | RR | 4.07 (0.22–74.9) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole LAI | Placebo | RR | 1.35 (0.09–20.3) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Asenapine | Placebo | RR | 1.11 (0.07–18.0) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Lithium | Placebo | RR | 1.29 (0.16–10.5) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | RR | 1.23 (0.21–7.09) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Paliperidone | Placebo | RR | 1.18 (0.07–18.9) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 1.94 (0.13–29.8) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Risperidone LAI | Placebo | RR | 2.30 (0.35–15.1) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Valproate | Placebo | RR | 2.11 (0.19–23.7) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | 9 (7–12) | <0.05 | 6 | 1100 | 0 | 5 | M | |
| Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 19 (14–32) | <0.05 | 3 | 949 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Ziprasidone | Placebo | NNH | 21 (11–933) | <0.05 | 3 | 450 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Risperidone | Placebo | NNH | 27 (12–1454) | <0.05 | 3 | 259 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Divalproex | Placebo | NNH | 30 (16–662) | <0.05 | 4 | 665 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | NNH | 78 (− 30 to 191) | >0.05 | 5 | 1373 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Cariprazine | Placebo | NNH | 240 (−72 to 500) | >0.05 | 3 | 1039 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Haloperidol | Placebo | NNH | −127 (−210 to 37) | >0.05 | 2 | 550 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Lithium | Placebo | OR | 1.55 (0.29–8.29) | 0.61 | 3 | 735 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Paliperidone | Placebo | NNH | 34 (−92 to 180) | >0.05 | 2 | 467 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Haloperidol + lithium or valproate | Placebo | SMD | −0.14 (−0.32 to 0.04) | 0.11 | 3 | 484 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Olanzapine | Placebo | OR | 5.08 (3.29–7.85) | 0.0001 | 3 | 581 | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Risperidone | Placebo | OR | 2.51 (1.30–4.85) | 0.006 | 4 | 806 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| SGA | Placebo | SMD | 0.33 (0.12–0.55) | 0.002 | 9 | 1990 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | SMD | 0.16 (−0.02 to 0.33) | 0.06 | 2 | 514 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine | Placebo | OR | 68.5 (15.6–231) | <0.05 | 18 (2) | na (na) | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | RR | 3.50 (1.67–7.95) | <0.05 | 7 (3) | 3267 (920) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Cariprazine | Placebo | OR | 3.50 (1.26–8.65) | <0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | OR | 3.46 (1.91–5.92) | <0.05 | 18 (6) | na (2756) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| SGA | Placebo | RR | 2.77 (1.72–4.45) | <0.001 | 12 | 4599 | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | RR | 2.60 (1.49–4.87) | <0.05 | 7 (4) | 3267 (1349) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Modafinil | Placebo | RR | 0.34 (0.15–0.76) | 0.009 | 3 | 1040 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | OR | 19.1 (0.66–108) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 1.67 (0.56–3.92) | > 0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Anti-ADHD medications | Placebo | RR | 0.40 (0.20–0.70) | 0.02 | 3 | 1056 | 1 | 7 | M | ||
| Depression | Olanzapine | Placebo | OR | 16.3 (7.02–37.8) | <0.05 | 4 | na | 1 | 2 | L | |
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 5.91 (2.14–16.3) | <0.05 | 3 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Brexpiprazole | Placebo | RR | 4.36 (2.45–7.77) | <0.0001 | 4 | 1673 | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine | Placebo | OR | 2.86 (1.11–7.37) | <0.05 | 3 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Unipolar/bipolar depression | Lurasidone | Placebo | RR | 4.11 (1.02–16.6) | <0.05 | 3 | 897 | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Brexpiprazole + antidepressant | Placebo + antidepressant | RR | 2.88 (1.87–4.42) | <0.0001 | 8 | 3370 | 1 | 5 | M |
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| Combined physical outcomes (HbA1c, number of epileptic seizures, HIV-symptom severity, pain and physical functioning) | |||||||||||
| Adults | Chronic medical conditions, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.68 (0.60–0.78) | <0.001 | 19 | 4692 | 2 | 5 | M |
| Combined physical outcomes (HbA1c; physical functioning; systolic blood pressure) | |||||||||||
| Adults | Chronic medical conditions, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.60 (0.46–0.79) | <0.001 | 2 | 598 | 2 | 2 | L |
| Somatic diagnostic or treatment procedures | |||||||||||
| Adults | Chronic medical conditions, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.44 (0.33–0.60) | <0.05 | 4 | 638 | 2 | 3 | L |
| Stroke recurrence | |||||||||||
| Elderly | Post-stroke depression | Antidepressants | Placebo | ORa | 1.14 (0.15–8.60) | >0.05 | 2 | 105 | 1 | 1 | L |
| Pain | |||||||||||
| Pain | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | SNRI | Placebo | d | −0.27 (−0.33 to −0.21) | <0.05 | 14 | 4993 | 1 | 7 | M |
| Duloxetine | Placebo | SMD | −0.26 (−0.51 to −0.01) | <0.05 | 11 | 4980 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| SSRI | Placebo | d | −0.24 (−0.36 to −0.13) | <0.05 | 6 | 1325 | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | WMDa | −5.8 (−9.4 to −2.2) | <0.05 | 4 | na | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Pain + physical functioning | |||||||||||
| Adults | Arthritis, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.66 (0.54–0.79) | <0.001 | 2 | 1251 | 2 | 3 | L |
| Cancer, Depression | Collaborative care | TAU | OR | 0.75 (0.61–0.90) | 0.002 | 3 | 727 | 2 | 2 | L | |
| Quality of life | |||||||||||
| Diabetes-related distress | |||||||||||
| Adults | T1&2DM, Depression | CBT | TAU | SMD | −0.25 (−0.50 to 0.01) | 0.06 | 2 | 236 | 2 | 1 | L |
| Physical health-related quality of life | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Mixed psychological | TAU/placebo/no treatment | g | −0.27 (−0.46 to −0.07) | <0.01 | 14 | na | 2 | 0 | L |
| ACS, Depression | Mixed psychological/pharmacological | TAU | SMD | −0.14 (−0.24 to −0.04) | 0.009 | 5 | 2105 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Chronic medical conditions, Depression | SSRI | Placebo | SMD | 0.02 (−0.19 to 0.23) | >0.05 | 5 | 338 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Physical exercise | TAU/WL/Placebo | SMD | −0.53 (−0.84 to −0.22) | 0.001 | 5 | 175 | 2 | 1 | L |
| Elderly | COPD and depression | SSRI | Placebo | SMD | 1.17 (−0.80 to 3.15) | 0.25 | 2 | 148 | 0 | 3 | L |
| Any adverse event, discontinuation due to adverse events | |||||||||||
| Any adverse event | |||||||||||
| Youth | Depression | Paroxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.82 (1.06–3.11) | <0.05 | 24 (4) | 3408 (681) | 0 | 3 | L |
| SSRI | Placebo | OR | 1.47 (1.16–1.87) | <0.05 | 24 (11) | 4859 (2464) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Antidepressants | Placebo | RR | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | >0.05 | 7 | 1911 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Placebo | OR | 1.68 (0.80–3.54) | >0.05 | 24 (2) | 3231 (407) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Desvenlafaxine | Placebo | OR | 0.98 (0.52–1.86) | >0.05 | 24 (1) | 3594 (227) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Escitalopram | Placebo | OR | 1.13 (0.57–2.25) | >0.05 | 24 (2) | 3304 (572) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | >0.05 | 24 (2) | 3794 (1627) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| SNRI | Placebo | OR | 1.16 (0.77–1.73) | >0.05 | 24 (2) | 3880 (561) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| SSRI/SNRI | Placebo | RR | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.13 | 15 | na | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Adolescents | Depression | Antidepressants | Placebo | RR | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.002 | 6 | 1327 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 1.18 (1.12 to 1.25) | <0.05 | 7 | 2780 | 1 | 4 | M |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Risperidone LAI | Placebo | RR | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 0.23 | 2 | 570 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Valproate | Placebo | OR | 1.63 (1.13–2.36) | 0.01 | 3 | 745 | 2 | 4 | M | |
| Cariprazine | Placebo | OR | 1.75 (0.74–4.15) | 0.11 | 3 | 1045 | 2 | 8 | M | ||
| Risperidone | Placebo | RR | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.66 | 2 | 253 | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Lurasidone | Placebo | RR | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 0.05 | 2 | 704 | 2 | 5 | M | |
| Depression | Dextroamphetamine | Placebo | RR | 5.05 (1.64–15.6) | <0.05 | 17 (7) | 3473 (408) | 0 | 4 | M | |
| Amitriptyline | Placebo | OR | 4.64 (2.45–8.78) | <0.0001 | 7 | 802 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Bupropion | Placebo | OR | 3.08 (2.00–4.74) | <0.05 | 32 (na) | 5245 (na) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 2.68 (1.89–3.81) | <0.05 | 32 (na) | 5245 (na) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Venlafaxine | Placebo | OR | 2.63 (1.93–3.57) | <0.05 | 32 (na) | 5245 (na) | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 1.95 (1.52–2.51) | <0.05 | 8 | 2796 | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Vortioxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.54 (1.28–1.85) | <0.05 | 32 (na) | 5245 (na) | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Brexpiprazole | Placebo | OR | 1.37 (1.21–1.56) | <0.05 | 10 | 3998 | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lisdexamphetamine | Placebo | RR | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | <0.05 | 17 (4) | 3473 (1212) | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | RR | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | <0.05 | 35 | 5709 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | Placebo | OR | 1.37 (0.46–4.05) | >0.05 | 32 (na) | 5245 (na) | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Methylphenidate | Placebo | RR | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | >0.05 | 17 (12) | 3471 (703) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Modafinil | Placebo | RR | 1.03 (0.85–1.26) | >0.05 | 17 (6) | 3471 (647) | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Pemoline | Placebo | RR | 2.98 (0.93–9.58) | >0.05 | 17 (2) | 3473 (140) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Seasonal depression | Bupropion | Placebo | RR | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.4 | 3 | 1048 | 1 | 7 | H | |
| Unipolar/bipolar depression | Lamotrigine | Placebo | RR | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.54 | 3 | 166 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | SNRI | Placebo | OR | 3.30 (1.44–7.59) | <0.05 | 28 (1) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M |
| TCA | Placebo | OR | 2.67 (1.82–3.92) | <0.05 | 28 (3) | 4276 (na) | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics | Placebo | OR | 1.34 (0.93–1.91) | >0.05 | 28 (2) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| MAO-I | Placebo | OR | 1.42 (0.74–2.69) | >0.05 | 28 (1) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| SSRI | Placebo | OR | 1.35 (0.94–1.96) | >0.05 | 28 (4) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Elderly | Depression | SNRI | Placebo | RR | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | <0.05 | 3 | 805 | 0 | 5 | M |
| SSRI | Placebo | RR | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | >0.05 | 2 | 713 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Discontinuation due to adverse events | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (depression) | Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Placebo | ORa | 3.31 (1.08–8.75) | <0.05 | 4 (1) | na (225) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine IR/XR | Placebo | ORa | 0.32 (0.07–0.83) | <0.05 | 4 (2) | na (225) | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | ORa | 1.49 (0.17–5.84) | >0.05 | 4 (1) | na (347) | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Depression | SNRI | Placebo | RR | 2.95 (1.61–5.40) | <0.001 | 3 | na | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Duloxetine | Placebo | OR | 2.80 (1.20–9.42) | <0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| SSRI/SNRI | Placebo | RR | 1.66 (1.20–2.28) | 0.002 | 17 | na | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Placebo | OR | 1.13 (0.45–3.66) | >0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| Desipramine | Placebo | OR | 2.85 (0.83–21.8) | >0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| Escitalopram | Placebo | OR | 1.64 (0.46–13.5) | >0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.03 (0.50–2.70) | >0.05 | 34 (5) | 5260 | 2 | 8 | H | ||
| Mirtazapine | Placebo | OR | 1.36 (0.41–11.0) | >0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.59 (0.77–3.95) | >0.05 | 34 (4) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | ||
| SSRI | Placebo | RR | 1.40 (0.99–1.98) | 0.06 | 14 | na | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 1.55 (1.16–2.08) | 0.004 | 8 | na | 2 | 4 | M |
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Valproate | Placebo | RR | 2.42 (1.28–4.56) | <0.05 | 7 | 1012 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Olanzapine | Placebo | RR | 1.93 (0.48–7.72) | >0.05 | 8 | 730 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 1.88 (1.20–2.96) | <0.05 | 7 | 2780 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics LAI | Placebo | RR | 2.89 (1.03–8.09) | 0.04 | 4 | 929 | 1 | 4 | M |
| Asenapine | Placebo | RR | 0.36 (0.16–0.81) | <0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium | Placebo | RR | 2.24 (1.43–3.50) | <0.05 | 21 (5) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | RR | 6.39 (0.76–53.5) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole LAI | Placebo | RR | 7.00 (0.85–57.9) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lamotrigine | Placebo | RR | 0.55 (0.18–1.73) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | RR | 1.81 (0.98–3.36) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Paliperidone | Placebo | RR | 1.22 (0.32–4.67) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 1.16 (0.70–1.94) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Risperidone LAI | Placebo | RR | 1.79 (0.57–5.61) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Cariprazine | Placebo | NNH | 22 (12–105) | <0.05 | 3 | 1045 | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Divalproex | Placebo | NNH | 25 (14–134) | <0.05 | 4 | 683 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | NNH | 44 (−144 to 19) | >0.05 | 5 | 1575 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Asenapine | Placebo | NNH | 28 (−546 to 14) | >0.05 | 3 | 948 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Atypical antipsychotics | Placebo | RRa | 1.10 (0.80–1.50) | >0.05 | 13 | 2857 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Carbamazepine | Placebo | RR | 2.00 (1.03–3.90) | >0.05 | 2 | 427 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Haloperidol | Placebo | NNH | 21 (−204 to 100) | >0.05 | 2 | 578 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Haloperidol + lithium or valproate | Placebo | RR | 1.39 (0.58–3.34) | 0.5 | 2 | 304 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Lithium | Placebo | RR | 2.14 (0.80–5.75) | >0.05 | 2 | 305 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | NNH | 113 (−66 to 330) | >0.05 | 6 | 1375 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Paliperidone | Placebo | NNH | 70 (−29 to 220) | >0.05 | 2 | 769 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine | Placebo | OR | 0.92 (0.50–1.69) | 0.80 | 6 | 1158 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Risperidone | Placebo | NNH | 144 (−45 to 280) | >0.05 | 3 | 844 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Ziprasidone | Placebo | NNH | 26 (−1870 to 140) | >0.05 | 3 | 782 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Ziprasidone | Placebo | RR | 2.40 (1.01–5.68) | <0.05 | 3 | 665 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Cariprazine | Placebo | OR | 2.10 (1.37–3.21) | 0.02 | 3 | 1045 | 2 | 8 | M | ||
| Carbamazepine | Placebo | RR | 1.97 (1.04–3.74) | <0.05 | 2 | 439 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | RR | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | >0.05 | 5 | 1155 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Haloperidol | Placebo | RR | 1.10 (0.40–3.53) | >0.05 | 7 | 1060 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Lithium | Placebo | RR | 1.74 (1.00–3.02) | >0.05 | 6 | 630 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | RR | 0.79 (0.08–8.27) | 0.84 | 2 | 254 | 2 | 0 | L | ||
| Quetiapine | Placebo | RR | 1.13 (0.49–2.60) | 0.77 | 2 | 407 | 2 | 1 | L | ||
| Risperidone | Placebo | RR | 1.18 (0.62–2.27) | >0.05 | 3 | 843 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| SGA | Placebo | RR | 1.19 (0.84–1.69) | 0.32 | 11 | 2455 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Valproate | Placebo | RR | 1.91 (0.66–5.51) | 0.23 | 3 | 321 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (depression) | SGA | Placebo | RR | 2.03 (1.53–2.69) | <0.001 | 12 | 4716 | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Quetiapine | Placebo | OR | 2.46 (1.57–3.75) | <0.05 | 18 (6) | na (2756) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 2.47 (1.10–4.90) | <0.05 | 18 (2) | na (749) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Quetiapine IR | Placebo | RR | 2.25 (1.32–4.01) | <0.05 | 7 (4) | 3267 (1472) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Lamotrigine | Placebo | NNH | 27 (14–514) | <0.05 | 2 | 1138 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | RR | 1.89 (1.00–3.88) | 0.05 | 7 (3) | 3267 (929) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Cariprazine | Placebo | OR | 1.50 (0.82–2.64) | >0.05 | 18 (4) | na (1765) | 1 | 7 | H | ||
| Lurasidone | Placebo | OR | 1.12 (0.36–2.76) | >0.05 | 18 (1) | na (485) | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Placebo | OR | 1.43 (0.68–2.58) | >0.05 | 18 (3) | na (1329) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Anti-ADHD medications | Placebo | RR | 1.30 (0.81–2.10) | 0.20 | 5 | 1543 | 1 | 7 | M | ||
| Valproate | Placebo | RR | 1.40 (0.18–10.6) | 0.75 | 4 | 142 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Ziprasidone | Placebo | OR | 1.54 (0.76–2.80) | >0.05 | 18 (2) | na (885) | 0 | 7 | H | ||
| Depression | Amitriptyline | Placebo | OR | 4.15 (2.71–6.35) | <0.0001 | 19 | 2174 | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Brexpiprazole | Placebo | RR | 3.44 (1.52–7.80) | 0.003 | 4 | 1673 | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Quetiapine XR | Placebo | RR | 2.90 (1.87–4.48) | <0.05 | 3 | 1460 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole | Placebo | OR | 2.12 (1.23–3.67) | 0.007 | 6 | 2073 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Desvenlafaxine | Placebo | RR | 1.98 (1.45–2.69) | <0.001 | 12 | na | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 1.96 (1.42–2.72) | <0.01 | 7 | 2450 | 2 | 6 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | RR | 1.77 (1.44–2.18) | <0.05 | 38 | 6165 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Brexpiprazole + antidepressant | Placebo + antidepressant | NNH | 54 (32–190) | <0.05 | 3 | 1485 | 0 | 5 | L | ||
| Dextroamphetamine | Placebo | RR | 0.36 (0.02–8.03) | >0.05 | 17 (7) | 3473 (408) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Lisdexamphetamine | Placebo | RR | 1.54 (0.69–3.42) | >0.05 | 17 (4) | 3473 (1212) | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Methylphenidate | Placebo | RR | 2.22 (0.94–5.24) | >0.05 | 17 (12) | 3471 (703) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Modafinil | Placebo | RR | 1.42 (0.66–3.06) | > 0.05 | 17 (6) | 3471 (647) | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Seasonal depression | Bupropion | Placebo | RR | 1.68 (0.74–3.79) | 0.21 | 3 | 1048 | 1 | 6 | M | |
| Unipolar/bipolar depression | Lamotrigine | Placebo | RR | 0.93 (0.45–1.92) | 0.84 | 12 | na | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Chronic medical conditions, depression | SSRI | Placebo | RR | 1.80 (1.16–2.78) | <0.05 | 13 | 1661 | 1 | 5 | M | |
| TCA | Placebo | RR | 1.88 (0.99–3.57) | >0.05 | 5 | 239 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| CHD, Depression | SSRI | Placebo | OR | 1.30 (0.75–2.25) | 0.35 | 2 | 653 | 2 | 4 | M | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | TCA | Placebo | OR | 3.98 (2.54–6.21) | <0.05 | 28 (6) | 4276 (na) | 0 | 6 | M |
| MAO-I | Placebo | OR | 2.84 (1.18–6.83) | <0.05 | 28 (1) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics | Placebo | OR | 2.42 (1.44–4.06) | <0.05 | 28 (2) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Brexpiprazole + antidepressant | Placebo + antidepressant | RR | 2.36 (1.46–3.82) | 0.0004 | 8 | 3373 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| SSRI | Placebo | OR | 1.99 (1.28–3.08) | <0.05 | 28 (8) | 4276 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Post-stroke depression | Doxepine | Placebo | OR | 100 (2.00–1000) | <0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (48) | 0 | 2 | L | |
| Citalopram | Placebo | OR | 8.33 (0.41–50.0) | >0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (48) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Placebo | OR | 4.17 (0.65–14.3) | > 0.05 | 14 (4) | 949 (215) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Nortriptyline | Placebo | OR | 3.57 (0.55–12.5) | >0.05 | 14 (2) | 949 (72) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Placebo | OR | 0.74 (0.23–4.00) | >0.05 | 14 (2) | 949 (277) | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Trazodone | Placebo | OR | 2.63 (0.05–14.3) | >0.05 | 14 (2) | 949 (39) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Elderly | Depression | SSRI | Placebo | RR | 2.90 (1.16–5.06) | <0.05 | 3 | 887 | 1 | 5 | M |
| SNRI | Placebo | RR | 1.85 (1.05–3.27) | <0.05 | 3 | 812 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
aEffect size could not be recalculated as standardized measure, ACS Acute coronary syndrome, BMI Body mass index, C Quality as per AMSTAR-Content score 0–9, youth, children and adolescents, CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy, CHD Coronary heart disease, CI Confidence interval, d Cohen’s d, ES Effect size, g Hedges’ g, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, HDL High density lipoprotein, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, IR Immediate release, k Number of studies (in brackets number of direct comparisons in NMAs results), LDL Low density lipoprotein, MD Mean difference, n Number of subjects (in brackets number of subjects in direct comparisons in NMAs results), na Not assessed, NNH Number needed to harm, NNT Number needed to treat, OR Odds ratio, Q Overall quality rating (L Low, M Medium, H High, see methods section), R Recommendation as stated by authors (see methods section), RD Risk difference, RR Risk ratio, SGA Second-generation antipsychotics, SMD Standardized mean difference, SNRI Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SSRI Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors, T1&2DM Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, TAU Treatment as usual, TCA Tricyclic antidepressants, WL wait list, WMD Weighted mean difference, XR extended release. Results are presented for age group and diagnosis, first all significant ESs in bold in order of ES magnitude, then all other results in alphabetical order for intervention and comparison. Negative values of SMD and OR/RR values < 1 indicate clinical benefit of intervention over control (e.g., glucose decrease, weight loss, cardiorespiratory fitness increase, better tolerated).