Table 3.
Efficacy of interventions to improve physical health in subjects with mood disorders compared to active or mixed controls.
| Age group | Population | Intervention | Control | ES type | ES (95% CI) | p-value | k | n | R | C | Q |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes | |||||||||||
| Cardiovascular health outcomes | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 1.01 (0.24–4.31) | 0.99 | 3 | 242 | 0 | 2 | L |
| Paroxetine | Mianserin | OR | 0.24 (0.05–1.06) | 0.06 | 3 | 126 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA, SSRI | OR | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) | 0.29 | 8 | 693 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Elderly | Depression | Fluoxetine | Sertraline | OR | 50.0 (3.23–10000) | <0.05 | 15 (na) | 1432 (na) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Fluoxetine | Escitalopram | OR | 16.7 (1.35–1000 | <0.05 | 15 (na) | 1432 (na) | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Citalopram | OR | 11.1 (0.43–1000) | >0.05 | 15 (na) | 1432 (na) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Paroxetine | OR | 5.88 (0.42–333) | >0.05 | 15 (na) | 1432 (na) | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Deep thrombophlebitis | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.33 (0.05–2.13) | 0.25 | 3 | 1419 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Diastolic blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Youth | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.25 (−0.40 to −0.11) | <0.0001 | 5 | 1562 | 1 | 7 | H |
| Youth, Adults | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.19 (−0.25 to −0.13) | <0.0001 | 28 | 8675 | 1 | 7 | H |
| Adults | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.18 (−0.42 to −0.11) | <0.0001 | 23 | 7113 | 1 | 8 | H |
| Dyspnea | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 4.3 (1.21–15.3) | 0.024 | 2 | 845 | 0 | 4 | M |
| EKG abnormalities | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.71 (0.04–11.6) | 0.81 | 2 | 623 | 0 | 4 | M |
| Depression | Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 0.33 (0.08–1.40) | 0.13 | 3 | 382 | 0 | 3 | L | |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Duloxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.89 (0.15–5.29) | 0.9 | 2 | 222 | 0 | 2 | L |
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.65 (0.15–2.77) | 0.56 | 2 | 855 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 0.82 (0.22–3.14) | 0.78 | 3 | 202 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Hypertension/tachycardia | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Fluvoxamine | Amitriptyline | OR | 1.04 (0.19–5.81) | 0.97 | 2 | 295 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Fluvoxamine | Milnacipran | OR | 0.54 (0.21–1.42) | 0.21 | 3 | 240 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 1.56 (0.51–4.78) | 0.43 | 4 | 363 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Mirtazapine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.44 (0.24–0.81) | 0.008 | 4 | 552 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Hypotension | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.37 (0.19–0.75) | 0.006 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Paroxetine | Clomipramine | OR | 2.46 (0.35–17.2) | 0.36 | 2 | 175 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.40 (0.02–7.79) | 0.55 | 2 | 282 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.65 (0.18–2.41) | 0.52 | 2 | 276 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 1.07 (0.30–3.84) | 0.91 | 6 | 670 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Hypotension/bradycardia | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 0.40 (0.21–0.79) | 0.008 | 8 | 930 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Fluvoxamine | Imipramine | OR | 0.24 (0.10–0.62) | 0.003 | 4 | 560 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.2 (0.03–1.18) | 0.076 | 2 | 295 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Clomipramine | OR | 1.23 (0.38–4.02) | 0.73 | 2 | 75 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Milnacipran | OR | 0.71 (0.28–1.77) | 0.46 | 2 | 127 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Mirtazapine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.46 (0.12–1.1) | 0.27 | 2 | 215 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Mirtazapine | Trazodone | OR | 0.17 (0.03–1.00) | 0.05 | 2 | 300 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Orthostatic hypotension | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.77 (0.20–15.6) | 0.61 | 2 | 489 | 0 | 3 | L |
| QTc change | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.36 (−0.11 to 0.83) | 0.14 | 2 | 268 | 0 | 2 | L |
| Palpitations | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Duloxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.15 (0.22–6.12) | 0.87 | 2 | 222 | 0 | 2 | L |
| Duloxetine | Paroxetine | OR | 1.16 (0.46–2.92) | 0.76 | 4 | 1280 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.42 (0.06–2.74) | 0.37 | 3 | 374 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Duloxetine | OR | 0.86 (0.34–2.18) | 0.76 | 4 | 1280 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.54 (0.18–1.61) | 0.27 | 3 | 441 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.69 (0.36–1.35) | 0.28 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 0.63 (0.27–1.51) | 0.3 | 9 | 1171 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Respiratory disorder | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Risperidone LAI | SGA oral | RR | 1.82 (0.44–7.53) | 0.41 | 2 | 172 | 1 | 1 | L |
| Depression | Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.47 (0.15–1.42) | 0.18 | 2 | 221 | 0 | 2 | L | |
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 0.76 | 5 | 1674 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 2.62 (0.90–7.64) | 0.08 | 4 | 319 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Mianserin | OR | 0.17 (0.03–1.02) | 0.053 | 3 | 185 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 1.08 (0.54–2.18) | 0.82 | 11 | 1102 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Systolic blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Youth | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.15 (−0.25 to −0.05) | 0.004 | 5 | 1562 | 1 | 7 | H |
| Youth, Adults | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.16 (−0.21 to −0.11) | <0.0001 | 28 | 8675 | 1 | 8 | H |
| Adults | Depression | SSRI | SNRI | SMD | −0.17 (−0.23 to −0.11) | <0.0001 | 23 | 7113 | 1 | 8 | H |
| Tachycardia | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Citalopram | Imipramine | OR | 0.36 (0.13–0.99) | <0.05 | 2 | 515 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.43 (0.04–4.44) | 0.48 | 2 | 360 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.36 (0.09–1.47) | 0.15 | 3 | 357 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.39 (0.15–1.01) | 0.053 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 0.37 (0.12–1.13) | 0.08 | 5 | 717 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Metabolic outcomes | |||||||||||
| Cortisol | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Mixed psychological interventions | Placebo/no treatment, active psychological, active pharmacological | g | 0.19 (−0.45 to 0.06) | >0.05 | 5 | na | 0 | 2 | L |
| Fasting glucose | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.2 (0.09–0.32) | 0.001 | 5 | 1340 | 0 | 5 | M |
| HbA1c | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.25 (0.08–0.42) | 0.004 | 3 | 911 | 0 | 4 | M |
| Depression | Mixed psychological interventions | Placebo/no treatment, active psychological, active pharmacological | g | −0.01 (−0.30 to 0.29) | 7 | na | 0 | 1 | 1 | L | |
| Insulin | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.21) | 0.3 | 3 | 803 | 0 | 4 | M |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.11 (−0.01 to 0.23) | 0.06 | 4 | 1121 | 0 | 5 | M |
| LDL cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.06 (−0.06 to 0.17) | 0.36 | 4 | 1121 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Total cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.07 (−0.04 to 0.17) | 0.22 | 6 | 1389 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Olanzapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.11 (−0.14 to 0.36) | >0.05 | 2 | 249 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.21 (0.10–0.32) | <0.001 | 5 | 1271 | 0 | 5 | M |
| Liver enzymes elevation | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.17 (0.04–0.31) | 0.01 | 3 | 835 | 0 | 4 | M |
| Depression | Agomelatine | Fluoxetine | RR | 3.02 (0.60–15.2) | 0.18 | 2 | 1124 | 0 | 4 | M | |
| Agomelatine | SSRI | RR | 3.04 (0.90–10.2) | 0.07 | 4 | 1755 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 2.13 (0.27–16.9) | 0.48 | 2 | 262 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Mirtazapine | TCA | RR | 0.50 (0.08–2.96) | >0.05 | 3 | na | 1 | 2 | L |
| Mirtazapine | Trazodone | RR | 1.00 (0.10–9.46) | >0.05 | 2 | 300 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Waist circumference | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder (mania) | Asenapine | Olanzapine | MDa | −0.34 (−0.50 to −0.18) | <0.001 | 2 | 596 | 2 | 5 | M |
| Weight gain | |||||||||||
| Youth, adults | Bipolar disorder | Lithium | Active pharmacological | SMD | −0.40 (−0.70 to −0.10) | <0.05 | 4 | 1282 | 2 | 3 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Olanzapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 4.39 (1.35–14.3) | <0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M |
| Quetiapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 3.33 (2.01–5.50) | <0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 3.67 (2.27–5.94) | <0.001 | 9 | 2413 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Atypical antipsychotics | Active pharmacological | RRa | 3.60 (2.60–5) | <0.05 | 3 | 1051 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics LAI | Antipsychotics oral | RR | 0.86 (0.59–1.26) | 0.44 | 3 | 347 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.16 (0.66–2.03) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole + valproate | Valproate | RR | 1.21 (0.08–19.5) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Lithium | Olanzapine | RR | 1.05 (0.13–8.78) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Lithium | Valproate | RR | 0.61 (0.07–5.15) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Lurasidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 2.03 (0.97–4.25) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Oxcarbazepine + lithium | Lithium | RR | 2.78 (0.13–50) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Risperidone | RR | 0.53 (0.06–4.87) | >0.05 | 13 (1) | 3558 (na) | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Risperidone LAI | SGA | RR | 0.74 (0.54–1.02) | 0.07 | 3 | 426 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Ziprasidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.03 (0.36–2.97) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 3.72 (2.46–5.63) | <0.05 | 7 | na | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Asenapine | Olanzapine | MDa | −0.40 (−0.57 to −0.24) | <0.001 | 2 | 596 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Haloperidol + lithium or valproate | Risperidone | SMD | −0.4 (−1.17 to 0.36) | 0.3 | 2 | 402 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Atypical antipsychotics | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.75 (0.47–1.03) | <0.001 | 2 | 410 | 2 | 0 | L | |
| Atypical antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.63 (0.41–0.86) | <0.001 | 5 | 1097 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Quetiapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.53 (0.36–0.69) | <0.001 | 2 | 562 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Risperidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | SMD | 0.51 (0.23–0.79) | <0.001 | 2 | 203 | 2 | 0 | L | ||
| Valproate | Olanzapine | OR | 0.44 (0.28–0.70) | 0.001 | 4 | 867 | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Risperidone | Haloperidol | OR | 2.01 (0.54–7.52) | 0.30 | 2 | 402 | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Depression | Paroxetine | Maprotiline | OR | 0.10 (0.01–0.81) | 0.03 | 2 | 131 | 0 | 3 | L | |
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 4.12 (1.02–16.6) | 0.047 | 2 | 855 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Mirtazapine | OR | 0.26 (0.08–0.84) | 0.03 | 3 | 726 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | SSRI | RR | 3.80 (2.30–6.40) | <0.0001 | 9 | na | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Escitalopram | OR | 1.21 (0.55–2.64) | >0.05 | 2 | 651 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Reboxetine | OR | 2.37 (0.61–9.19) | >0.05 | 2 | 458 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Duloxetine | Paroxetine | OR | 1.71 (0.28–10.6) | 0.57 | 2 | 567 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Milnacipran | OR | 0.51 (0.05–4.76) | 0.55 | 2 | 127 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Milnacipran | OR | 0.86 (0.34–2.16) | 0.74 | 2 | 127 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 0.53 (0.25–1.09) | 0.085 | 4 | 425 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Fluoxetine | RR | 2.53 (0.86–7.39) | 0.09 | 5 | 3020 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Olanzapine | RR | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | 0.2 | 5 | 3020 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.99 (0.27–3.59) | 0.99 | 2 | 276 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Duloxetine | OR | 0.59 (0.09–3.63) | 0.57 | 2 | 567 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Tricyclic antidepressants | OR | 0.52 (0.14–1.98) | 0.34 | 6 | 729 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Amisulpride | Fluoxetine | OR | 3.50 (1.02–12) | <0.05 | 2 | 304 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Brexpiprazole + antidepressant | Placebo + antidepressant | RR | 2.88 (1.87–4.42) | <0.0001 | 8 | 3370 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Paroxetine | NNT | 15 (9–38) | < 0.05 | 4 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Doxepin | NNT | 17 (10–46) | < 0.05 | 4 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | SSRI | NNT | 23 (14–55) | < 0.05 | 6 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Amitriptyline | NNT | 25 (17–48) | < 0.05 | 19 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Tricyclic antidepressants | NNT | 39 (30–59) | < 0.05 | 65 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Imipramine | NNT | 40 (24–113) | < 0.05 | 14 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Weight loss | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 2.76 (1.20–6.34) | 0.02 | 4 | 226 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Fluvoxamine | Imipramine | OR | 1.88 (0.53–6.67) | 0.33 | 2 | 66 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Duloxetine | OR | 0.37 (0.06–2.18) | 0.27 | 2 | 567 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.42 (0.11–1.55) | 0.19 | 3 | 398 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.88 (0.37–2.07) | 0.77 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Pain | |||||||||||
| Adults | Depression | Duloxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.52 (0.17–1.60) | 0.25 | 2 | 222 | 0 | 5 | L |
| Duloxetine | Paroxetine | SMD | −0.11 (−0.24 to 0.02) | 0.09 | 4 | 1105 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Duloxetine | OR | 1.48 (0.74–2.94) | 0.27 | 2 | 530 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.93 (0.27–3.25) | 0.91 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Sertraline | OR | 1.54 (0.26–9.00) | 0.63 | 2 | 545 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Any adverse event, discontinuation due to adverse events | |||||||||||
| Any adverse event | |||||||||||
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Ziprasidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) | <0.05 | 2 | 949 | 0 | 4 | M |
| Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.16 (1.09–1.24) | <0.001 | 10 | 2499 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Risperidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | >0.05 | 3 | 274 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Risperidone LAI | Atypical antipsychotics oral | RR | 0.99 (0.92–1.05) | 0.67 | 3 | 360 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.18 (1.08–1.30) | <0.05 | 8 | na | 1 | 5 | M | |
| Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Antipsychotics | RR | 0.62 (0.27–1.40) | >0.05 | 4 | na | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Lithium | Carbamazepine | RR | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) | >0.05 | 2 | 139 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Lithium | Lamotrigine | OR | 0.89 (0.47–1.70) | 0.73 | 2 | 272 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Lithium | Valproate | OR | 0.99 (0.62–1.57) | 0.97 | 2 | 298 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Carbamazepine | Lithium | RR | 1.37 (0.95–1.99) | 0.10 | 2 | 135 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Valproate | Lithium | OR | 0.61 (0.25–1.50) | 0.28 | 2 | 164 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Depression | Citalopram | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.43 (0.28–0.65) | <0.05 | 4 | 528 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Fluvoxamine | Moclobemide | OR | 2.29 (1.35–3.88) | 0.002 | 3 | 231 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | 0.0001 | 16 | 2492 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Imipramine | OR | 1.82 (1.14–2.89) | <0.05 | 2 | 517 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.62 (0.42–0.94) | 0.02 | 9 | 1189 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | OR | 0.64 (0.53–0.77) | <0.0001 | 41 | 6099 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 0.70 (0.49–0.98) | 0.04 | 9 | 663 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Agomelatine | Paroxetine | RR | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.001 | 2 | 905 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Agomelatine | SSRI | RR | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.01 | 6 | 2490 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | Fluoxetine | RR | 1.00 (0.89–1.11) | 0.19 | 2 | 1141 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | Venlafaxine | RR | 0.72 (0.44–1.18) | 0.28 | 2 | 611 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Escitalopram | OR | 1.20 (0.97–1.47) | >0.05 | 7 | 1979 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.10 (0.81–1.47) | >0.05 | 3 | 732 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Sertraline | OR | 0.67 (0.39–1.16) | >0.05 | 5 | 902 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | TCA | OR | 0.65 (0.30–1.41) | >0.05 | 7 | 1088 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | Escitalopram | OR | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 0.8 | 3 | 1112 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.03 (0.42–2.54) | 0.9 | 2 | 222 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Duloxetine | Paroxetine | OR | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) | 0.06 | 6 | 1870 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | Venlafaxine | OR | 1.32 (0.63–2.74) | 0.5 | 2 | 823 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 0.07 | 3 | 327 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Clomipramine | OR | 0.45 (0.14–1.43) | 0.18 | 2 | 75 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Dothiepin | OR | 1.10 (0.51–2.37) | 0.53 | 2 | 125 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | HCA | OR | 1.24 (0.46–3.31) | 0.67 | 3 | 144 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Imipramine | OR | 0.55 (0.18–1.64) | 0.28 | 2 | 136 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Maprotiline | OR | 1.01 (0.17–6.00) | 0.99 | 2 | 82 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Paroxetine | OR | 0.95 (0.41–2.23) | 0.91 | 3 | 281 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | SSRI | OR | 0.89 (0.53–1.51) | 0.67 | 5 | 478 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Olanzapine + fluoxetine | Olanzapine, fluoxetine | RR | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 0.83 | 5 | 3020 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Clomipramine | OR | 0.56 (0.28–1.10) | 0.09 | 4 | 1273 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Dothiepin | OR | 1.04 (0.61–1.76) | 0.88 | 2 | 405 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | 0.69 | 9 | 2255 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Lofepramine | OR | 1.25 (0.74–2.12) | 0.41 | 2 | 228 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Maprotiline | OR | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | 0.34 | 2 | 131 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Mianserin | OR | 0.71 (0.41–1.22) | 0.21 | 5 | 301 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Mirtazapine | OR | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.7 | 3 | 726 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.7 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Tianeptine | OR | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 0.19 | 2 | 604 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Venlafaxine | OR | 1.01 (0.52–1.95) | 0.98 | 2 | 200 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Unipolar/bipolar depression | Lamotrigine | Active pharmacological | RR | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) | 0.85 | 6 | 624 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | TCA | Antipsychotics | OR | 2.00 (1.37–2.94) | < 0.05 | 3 | 795 | 0 | 4 | M |
| TCA | SSRI | OR | 1.96 (1.25–3.13) | < 0.05 | 3 | 1093 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Clomipramine | RR | 0.53 (0.32–0.88) | 0.02 | 3 | 357 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Amitriptyline | RR | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) | 0.002 | 9 | 672 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | TCA | RR | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | < 0.05 | 26 | 2169 | 1 | 4 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Venlafaxine | RR | 0.92 (0.86–1.00) | 0.05 | 6 | 1379 | 1 | 4 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Citalopram | RR | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) | 0.55 | 2 | 673 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Dothiepin | RR | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) | 0.07 | 2 | 252 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Imipramine | RR | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.38 | 3 | 223 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Maprotiline | RR | 0.94 (0.7–1.14) | 0.59 | 3 | 209 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Mianserin | RR | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.84 | 2 | 93 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Moclobemide | RR | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 0.15 | 6 | 599 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Paroxetine | RR | 1.06 (0.87–1.28) | 0.53 | 5 | 637 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Reboxetine | RR | 0.97 (0.85–1.12) | 0.74 | 2 | 421 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Sertraline | RR | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.79 | 7 | 1202 | 1 | 4 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | SSRI | RR | 1.00 (0.9–1.04) | >0.05 | 15 | 2609 | 1 | 4 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Tianepine | RR | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | 0.91 | 3 | 621 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Trazodone | RR | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 0.57 | 2 | 83 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.42 (0.97–2.09) | 0.08 | 2 | 431 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | Paroxetine | OR | 0.94 (0.66–1.32) | 0.71 | 3 | 726 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | SSRI | OR | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.92 | 7 | 1773 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | TCA | OR | 1.06 (0.54–2.10) | 0.86 | 2 | 442 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| SSRI | Antipsychotics | OR | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) | >0.05 | 5 | 800 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| TCA | MAO-I | OR | 1.89 (0.97–3.70) | >0.05 | 2 | 347 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Elderly | Depression | SSRI | Amitriptyline | RR | 0.71 (0.50–0.99) | <0.05 | 2 | 455 | 1 | 3 | L |
| Discontinuation due to adverse events | |||||||||||
| Youth | Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Valproate | Risperidone | OR | 1.39 (0.35–5.52) | 0.64 | 2 | 236 | 1 | 2 | L |
| Depression | Duloxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 3.23 (1.05–7.69) | <0.05 | 34 (2) | 5260 | 0 | 8 | H | |
| Youth, Adults | Bipolar disorder | Aripiprazole | Active pharmacological | OR | 0.71 (0.21–2.38) | 0.58 | 3 | na | 2 | 3 | L |
| Adults | Bipolar disorder | Lamotrigine | Lithium | RR | 0.25 (0.08–0.75) | <0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M |
| Lithium + valproate | Valproate | RR | 3.27 (1.09–9.82) | <0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium | Quetiapine | RR | 1.93 (1.08–3.44) | <0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.54 (1.10–2.17) | 0.01 | 15 | 3997 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Antipsychotics | RR | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) | 0.1 | 2 | 375 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Antipsychotics LAI | Antipsychotics oral | RR | 1.63 (0.60–4.45) | 0.34 | 4 | 403 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Aripiprazole + lamotrigine | Lamotrigine | RR | 1.56 (0.67–3.61) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Carbamazepine | Lithium | RR | 1.24 (0.44–3.51) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium + oxcarbazepine | Lithium | RR | 1.67 (0.29–10.0) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium + valproate | Lithium | RR | 1.64 (0.61–4.35) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium | Olanzapine | RR | 1.23 (0.77–1.99) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Lithium | Valproate | RR | 2.00 (0.67–6.02) | >0.05 | 21 (2) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Olanzapine | Risperidone | RR | 1.01 (0.34–3.07) | >0.05 | 21 (1) | 6107 (na) | 1 | 6 | M | ||
| Aripiprazole + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.27 (0.17–9.64) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Lurasidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.98 (0.11–8.91) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Olanzapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.59 (0.07–5.23) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Quetiapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 2.13 (0.48–9.39) | >0.05 | 6 (2) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Risperidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.62 (0.14–2.67) | >0.05 | 2 | 253 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Risperidone LAI | SGA oral | RR | 1.59 (0.67–3.77) | 0.30 | 6 | 576 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Ziprasidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.65 (0.08–5.10) | >0.05 | 6 (1) | 2398 (na) | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania) | Antipsychotics + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | >0.05 | 12 | na | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Asenapine | Olanzapine | RR | 1.29 (0.80–2.06) | >0.05 | 2 | 596 | 2 | 5 | M | ||
| Atypical antipsychotics | Active pharmacological | RRa | 1.40 (0.70–2.60) | >0.05 | 4 | 684 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Haloperidol | Carbamazepine + lithium | RR | 3.5 (0.39–31.5) | 0.26 | 3 | 70 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Lithium | Lamotrigine | OR | 1.02 (0.35–3.00) | 0.97 | 2 | 273 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Bipolar disorder (mania or mixed) | Carbamazepine | Lithium | RR | 3.00 (0.78–11.5) | 0.11 | 3 | 187 | 1 | 4 | M | |
| Olanzapine | Valproate | RR | 1.11 (0.57–2.14) | 0.76 | 2 | 371 | 2 | 0 | L | ||
| Quetiapine + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.84 (0.39–1.82) | 0.65 | 2 | 593 | 2 | 2 | L | ||
| Risperidone + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 0.62 (0.15–2.69) | 0.53 | 2 | 254 | 2 | 0 | L | ||
| SGA | Mood stabilizers | OR | 0.85 (0.36–2.01) | 0.71 | 4 | 666 | 2 | 1 | L | ||
| SGA + mood stabilizers | Mood stabilizers | RR | 1.17 (0.47–2.93) | 0.73 | 6 | 1396 | 2 | 3 | L | ||
| Valproate | Olanzapine | OR | 0.61 (0.25–1.49) | 0.28 | 3 | 616 | 2 | 4 | M | ||
| Depression | Fluoxetine | Clomipramine | OR | 0.30 (0.12–0.79) | <0.05 | 2 | 263 | 1 | 1 | L | |
| Agomelatine | Venlafaxine | RR | 0.30 (0.15–0.59) | 0.001 | 2 | 608 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.38 (0.17–0.86) | 0.02 | 3 | 1375 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.41 (0.23–0.71) | <0.05 | 16 | 1038 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | Escitalopram | OR | 2.31 (1.15–4.65) | 0.02 | 3 | 1120 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.47 (0.26–0.86) | < 0.05 | 10 | 1093 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | Venlafaxine | OR | 1.93 (1.23–3.01) | 0.004 | 3 | 1051 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Citalopram | TCA | OR | 0.54 (0.38–0.78) | <0.05 | 8 | 1216 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.54 (0.34–0.87) | <0.05 | 3 | 484 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | TCA | OR | 0.55 (0.40–0.75) | <0.05 | 40 | 3647 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.58 (0.43–0.77) | 0.0002 | 9 | 1268 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Clomipramine | OR | 0.59 (0.41–0.84) | 0.004 | 4 | 1273 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | SSRI | RR | 0.68 (0.51–0.91) | 0.01 | 9 | 3377 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Venlafaxine | OR | 0.72 (0.56–0.94) | <0.05 | 13 | 2640 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.74 (0.56–0.98) | 0.04 | 12 | 1698 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | 0.01 | 11 | 2491 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA, HCA | OR | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.006 | 34 | 5175 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | TCA | RDa | −4.8 (−7.3 to −2.3) | <0.05 | 23 | 3755 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | Escitalopram | RR | 0.40 (0.15–1.06) | 0.07 | 2 | 462 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | Fluoxetine | RR | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 0.13 | 3 | 1413 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Agomelatine | Paroxetine | RR | 0.83 (0.49–1.41) | 0.49 | 3 | 1189 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Bupropion | SSRI | RR | 1.08 (0.53–2.18) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000 b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Bupropion | Venlafaxine | RR | 0.69 (0.44–1.10) | >0.05 | 3 | 1117 | 1 | 7 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Escitalopram | OR | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) | >0.05 | 7 | 1989 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Citalopram | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.46 (0.80–2.67) | >0.05 | 3 | 732 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | HCA | OR | 0.50 (0.21–1.18) | >0.05 | 2 | 432 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Imipramine | OR | 0.65 (0.36–1.19) | >0.05 | 2 | 517 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Nortriptyline | OR | 0.15 (0.02–1.34) | >0.05 | 2 | 101 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Reboxetine | OR | 0.40 (0.13–1.27) | >0.05 | 3 | 494 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Sertraline | OR | 0.69 (0.43–1.09) | >0.05 | 4 | 860 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Citalopram | SSRI | RR | 1.70 (0.65–4.45) | >0.05 | 4 | 600 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Duloxetine | Paroxetine | OR | 1.19 (0.80–1.75) | 0.4 | 6 | 1821 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Duloxetine | SSRI | RR | 0.98 (0.59–1.65) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000 b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Agomelatine | OR | 1.50 (0.73–3.08) | >0.05 | 2 | 785 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Amineptine | OR | 0.52 (0.03–7.82) | >0.05 | 2 | 232 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Bupropion | OR | 1.01 (0.45–2.25) | >0.05 | 2 | 436 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Desipramine | OR | 0.27 (0.04–1.68) | >0.05 | 2 | 104 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Dothiepin | OR | 2.05 (0.59–7.16) | >0.05 | 5 | 478 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Doxepine | OR | 0.82 (0.44–1.53) | >0.05 | 3 | 283 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Duloxetine | OR | 0.28 (0.07–1.23) | >0.05 | 2 | 532 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Escitalopram | OR | 1.17 (0.64–2.12) | >0.05 | 2 | 578 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Maprotiline | OR | 0.53 (0.15–1.93) | >0.05 | 3 | 209 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Milnacipran | OR | 1.50 (0.81–2.76) | >0.05 | 3 | 560 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Mirtazapine | OR | 0.95 (0.54–1.66) | >0.05 | 4 | 600 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Moclobemide | OR | 1.04 (0.54–2.01) | >0.05 | 7 | 721 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Nefazodone | OR | 0.76 (0.32–1.81) | >0.05 | 4 | 286 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Reboxetine | OR | 0.40 (0.10–1.61) | >0.05 | 2 | 211 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Sertraline | OR | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) | >0.05 | 9 | 1591 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | Tianeptine | OR | 1.13 (0.71–1.80) | >0.05 | 3 | 830 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Trazodone | OR | 0.66 (0.20–2.19) | >0.05 | 3 | 110 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 0.051 | 5 | 420 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Clomipramine | OR | 0.70 (0.24–1.98) | 0.50 | 3 | 158 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Desipramine | OR | 1.00 (0.13–7.89) | 1 | 2 | 87 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Dothiepin | OR | 1.25 (0.47–3.32) | 0.66 | 2 | 125 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Fluoxetine | OR | 0.86 (0.19–3.89) | 0.85 | 2 | 153 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | HCA | OR | 0.80 (0.33–1.97) | 0.63 | 5 | 247 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Imipramine | OR | 0.91 (0.63–1.32) | 0.63 | 11 | 908 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Maprotiline | OR | 0.32 (0.01–8.26) | 0.5 | 2 | 82 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Mianserin | OR | 0.75 (0.20–2.77) | 0.66 | 2 | 125 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Milnacipran | OR | 2.38 (0.73–7.78) | 0.15 | 3 | 240 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Moclobemide | OR | 1.51 (0.64–3.53) | 0.35 | 3 | 231 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Paroxetine | OR | 0.95 (0.28–3.26) | 0.94 | 4 | 334 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | Sertraline | OR | 1.29 (0.15–11.3) | 0.82 | 3 | 238 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | SSRI | OR | 1.19 (0.62–2.28) | 0.6 | 8 | 942 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Fluvoxamine | TCA | OR | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.09 | 24 | 1772 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | SSRI | RR | 1.17 (0.69–2.00) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Moclobemide | SSRI | RR | 0.60 (0.30–1.30) | 0.25 | 12 | 1207 | 2 | 6 | M | ||
| Nefazodone | SSRI | RR | 1.35 (0.86–3.73) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Bupropion | OR | 0.61 (0.24–1.55) | 0.3 | 2 | 240 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Dothiepin | OR | 1.70 (0.78–3.70) | 0.18 | 2 | 405 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Escitalopram | OR | 1.43 (0.51–4.00) | 0.5 | 2 | 784 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Fluvoxamine | OR | 1.16 (0.19–7.16) | 0.87 | 3 | 261 | 0 | 1 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Lofepramine | OR | 1.19 (0.45–3.15) | 0.72 | 2 | 228 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Maprotiline | OR | 0.77 (0.01–70.9) | 0.91 | 2 | 131 | 0 | 1 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Mianserin | RDa | −6 (−23.2 to 11.2) | >0.05 | 2 | 128 | 0 | 0 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Mirtazapine | OR | 1.35 (0.83–2.21) | 0.23 | 3 | 726 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Nefazodone | RD | −4 (−20.5 to 12.6) | >0.05 | 2 | 246 | 0 | 0 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Sertraline | RDa | 5.4 (−0.6 to 11.3) | >0.05 | 2 | 572 | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | SSRI | RDa | 1.4 (−1.9 to 4.8) | >0.05 | 11 | 1832 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| Paroxetine | Venlafaxine | OR | 0.88 (0.50–1.56) | 0.66 | 5 | 974 | 0 | 4 | M | ||
| SSRI | TCA | RR | 0.51 (0.25–1.05) | >0.05 | 9 | 590 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| SSRI | Tetracyclic antidepressants | RR | 0.60 (0.28–1.30) | >0.05 | 2 | 194 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| SSRI | SNRI | RR | 1.58 (0.21–12.2) | >0.05 | 2 | 82 | 1 | 1 | L | ||
| SSRI/SNRI | CBT | RR | 2.97 (0.69–12.8) | >0.05 | 4 | 524 | 2 | 1 | L | ||
| SSRI/SNRI | CBT + SSRI | RR | 2.93 (0.72–11.9) | >0.05 | 2 | 256 | 2 | 0 | L | ||
| Trazodone | SSRI | RR | 0.92 (0.44–1.91) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Venlafaxine | SSRI | RR | 1.42 (1.15–1.75) | >0.05 | 83b | 17000b | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Unipolar/bipolar depression | Lamotrigine | Active pharmacological | RR | 1.45 (0.62–3.40) | 0.39 | 6 | na | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Chronic medical conditions, Depression | SSRI | TCA | RR | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) | >0.05 | 8 | 441 | 1 | 3 | L | |
| Adults, Elderly | Depression | Mirtazapine | Sertraline | OR | 2.88 (1.43–5.77) | 0.003 | 2 | 596 | 1 | 4 | M |
| TCA | SSRI | OR | 2.00 (1.40–2.87) | <0.05 | 3 | 1093 | 0 | 6 | M | ||
| TCA | Antipsychotics | OR | 1.64 (1.10–2.45) | <0.05 | 3 | 795 | 0 | 5 | M | ||
| Fluoxetine | TCA | RR | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | < 0.05 | 43 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Mixed antidepressants | RR | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | < 0.05 | 40 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | SSRI | RR | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | >0.05 | 19 | na | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | Amitriptyline | OR | 0.60 (0.351.03) | 0.07 | 6 | 929 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | Fluoxetine | OR | 1.05 (0.62–1.78) | 0.85 | 4 | 600 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | Paroxetine | OR | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) | 0.23 | 3 | 726 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | SSRI | OR | 1.26 (0.85–1.86) | 0.25 | 11 | 2604 | 1 | 4 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | TCA | OR | 0.65 (0.41–1.03) | 0.07 | 8 | 1266 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| Mirtazapine | Trazodone | OR | 0.61 (0.25–1.51) | 0.29 | 2 | 300 | 1 | 2 | L | ||
| Mirtazapine | Venlafaxine | OR | 0.55 (0.24–1.24) | 0.15 | 2 | 415 | 1 | 3 | L | ||
| SSRI | Antipsychotics | OR | 0.82 (0.55–1.23) | >0.05 | 5 | 800 | 1 | 5 | M | ||
| TCA | MAO-I | OR | 1.40 (0.64–3.08) | >0.05 | 2 | 347 | 0 | 3 | L | ||
| Post-stroke depression | Doxepine | Paroxetine | OR | 100 (1.85–1000) | < 0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (48) | 0 | 2 | L | |
| Citalopram | Duloxetine | OR | 0.02 (0.01–25.0) | >0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (40) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Citalopram | Sertraline | OR | 3.70 (0.13–20.0) | >0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (40) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Fluoxetine | Nortriptyline | OR | 1.79 (0.20–7.14) | >0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (39) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Duloxetine | Sertraline | OR | 6.67 (0.01–33.3) | >0.05 | 14 (2) | 949 (70) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Paroxetine | Imipramine | OR | 0.001 (0.0001–1.66) | >0.05 | 14 (1) | 949 (60) | 0 | 2 | L | ||
| Elderly | Depression | SSRI | TCA | RR | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | <0.05 | 8 | 1266 | 1 | 5 | M |
aEffect size could not be recalculated as standardized measure, bReported total number of studies and subjects included in the (N)MA, ACT Acceptance commitment therapy, C Quality as per AMSTAR-Content score 0–9, youth, children and adolescents, CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy, CI Confidence interval, d Cohen’s d, EKG Electrocardiogram, ES Effect size, g Hedges’ g, HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin, HCA Heterocyclic antidepressants, HDL High density lipoproteins, k Number of studies (in brackets number of direct comparisons in NMAs results), LDL Low density lipoproteins, MAO-I Mono amino oxidase inhibitors, MD Mean difference, n Number of subjects (in brackets number of subjects in direct comparisons in NMAs results), na Not assessed, NNH Number needed to harm, NNT Number needed to treat, OR Odds ratio, Q Overall quality rating (L low, M Medium, H High; see methods section), R Recommendation as stated by authors (see methods section), RD Risk difference, RR Risk ratio, SMD Standardized mean difference, SNRI Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SSRI Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors, TCA Tricyclic antidepressants. Results are presented for age group and diagnosis, first all significant ESs in bold in order of ES magnitude, then all other results in alphabetical order for intervention and comparison. Negative values of SMD and OR/RR values < 1 indicate clinical benefit of intervention over control (e.g., glucose decrease, weight loss, cardiorespiratory fitness increase, better tolerated).