TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics of reviewed studies on ORL.
| Author | Years | Sample size | Biofluid | Technique | Biomarkers Candidates | Results | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increase (↑) or decrease (↓) biomarker concentration compared to the control group | |||||||
| Head and neck cancers | |||||||
| Almadori et al. | 2007 | 127 subjects: 50 patients with oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and 77 healthy controls | Saliva | HPLC-MS | Glutathione | Glutathione ↑ | |
| Sugimoto et al. | 2010 | 158 subjects: 69 oral cancer patients and 89 healthy controls | Saliva | CE-TOF-MS | Betaine; Isoleucine; Leucine; Phenylalanine; Tyrosine; Valine; Choline; Carnitine; Glycerophosphocholine; Cadaverine; Putrescine; Hypoxanthine; Ethanolamine; Trimethylamine; Tryptophan; Valine; Glutamic acid; Glutamine; Aspartate; Taurine; Lysine; Pyrroline hydroxycarboxylic acid; Pipecolic acid; Piperidine; Serine; β-alanine; Histidine | Isoleucine ↑ | |
| Leucine ↑ Taurine ↑ | |||||||
| Valine ↑ Tryptophan ↑ | |||||||
| Putrescine ↑ Alanine ↑ | |||||||
| Pipecolic acid ↑ | |||||||
| Choline ↑ | |||||||
| Glycerophosphocholine ↑ | |||||||
| Histidine ↑ Carnitine ↑ | |||||||
| Threonine ↑ Glutamate ↑ | |||||||
| Tiziani et al. | 2009 | 15 subjects with oral cancer and 10 controls | Serum | 1H-NMR | Valine, Ethanol, Lactate, Alanine, Acetate, Citrate, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Methanol, Formaldehyde; Formic acid; Glucose; Pyruvate; Acetone, Acetoacetate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 2-hydroxybutyrate; Choline; Betaine; Dimethylglycine; Sarcosine; Asparagine; Ornithine | Valine ↓ Ethanol ↓ | The metabolomics profile of patients with oral cancer at the different stages of the disease was also evaluated |
| Lactate ↓ Alanine ↓ Acetate ↓ Citrate ↓ Phenylalanine ↓ | |||||||
| Tyrosine ↓ Methanol ↓ Formaldehyde ↓ Formic acid ↓ Glucose ↑ | |||||||
| Pyruvate ↑ Acetone ↑ Acetoacetate ↑ 3-hydroxybutyrate ↑ | |||||||
| 2-hydroxybutyrate↑ Choline ↑ Betaine ↑ Dimethylglycine ↑ Sarcosine ↑ Asparagine ↑ Ornithine ↑ | |||||||
| Yonezawa et al. | 2013 | Serum and Tissue | GC-MS | Glucose; Ribulose; Methionine; Ketoisoleucine; Histidine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Asparagine, Lysine, Serine, Methionine; Alanine | In serum: | ||
| Glucose ↑ Ribulose ↑ | |||||||
| Methionine ↓ Ketoisoleucine ↓ | |||||||
| In tissue: | |||||||
| Histidine ↑ | |||||||
| Aspartic acid ↑ | |||||||
| Glutamic acid ↑ Asparagine ↑ Lysine ↑ Serine ↑ Methionine ↑ Alanine ↑ Glucose ↓ | |||||||
| Allergic rinitis | |||||||
| Ma et al. | 2020 | 28 allergic rhinitis patients and 28 healthy controls | Serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Bilirubin; Hypoxanthine; 15(S)-HETE*; Hexadecenoic acid; Urate; **13(S)-HPODE; Leukotriene D4; Stercobilinogen; N-succinyl-diaminopimelic acid; Chlorophyll b | Bilirubin ↑ | *15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; **13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid |
| Hypoxanthine ↑ | |||||||
| 15(S)-HETE ↑ Hexadecenoic acid ↑ | |||||||
| Urate ↑ | The metabolites were mainly involved in pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and purine metabolism | ||||||
| Leukotriene D4 ↓ Stercobilinogen ↓ | |||||||
| N-succinyl-diaminopimelic acid ↓ Chlorophyll b ↓ | |||||||
| Zheng et al. | 2021 | 73 patients with allergic rhinitis: 35 and 38 patients with single or double-mite subcutaneous immunotherapy respectively. | Serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | *HETE; **HEPE; | In SM-SCIT and DM-SCIT patients: | *15(S)- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid |
| ***HODE; | *HETE ↓ **HEPE ↓ | **5(S)-HETE, 12(S)- hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid | |||||
| 11(S)-HETE; 8(S)-HETE; 5(S)-HEPE; Arachidonic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); 9(S)- hydroperoxylinoleic acid (HPODE) | ***HODE ↓ | ***13- hydroxyoctadecadienoicacid | |||||
| In DM-SCIT patients: | |||||||
| 11(S)-HETE ↓ | |||||||
| 8(S)-HETE ↓ 5(S)-HEPE↓ Arachidonic acid↓ Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ↓ | |||||||
| In SM-SCIT patients: | |||||||
| HPODE ↑ | |||||||
| Yuan et al. | 2022 | 28 patients with allergic rhinitis | Serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | 26 altered metabolites between: | Prostaglandin E2 ↑ Prostaglandin H2 ↑ Prostaglandin D2 ↑ Thromboxane A2 ↑ 20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4 ↑ Linoleic acid ↑ 9,10-Epoxyoctadecenoic acid ↑ 12,13-EpOME ↑ Paraxanthine ↑ Theobromine ↑ | The metabolites were mainly involved in linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and caffeine metabolism |
| 15 healthy individuals | Prostaglandin E2; Prostaglandin H2; Prostaglandin D2; Thromboxane A2; 20-Hydroxy-leukotriene B4; Linoleic acid; 9,10-Epoxyoctadecenoic acid; 12,13-EpOME; Paraxanthine; Theobromine; | ||||||
| Hearing loss | |||||||
| Trinh et al. | 2019 | 19 patients affected by sensorineural hearing loss: | Perilyph fluid | LC-MS/MS | N-acetylneuraminate, Glutaric acid, l-cystine, 2-methylpropanoate, Butanoate, Xanthine, l-histidine, S-lactate, 4-hydroxy-l-proline, Serotonin, 2-deoxy-D-Glucose, N-acetyl-l-Alanine; l-proline; Taurine | Patients >12 years: N-acetylneuraminate ↑ | |
| 10 patients ≤12 years | |||||||
| 9 patients >12 years | |||||||
| Meniere’s disease | |||||||
| Di Bernardino F. et al. | 2018 | 26 patients with definite unilateral MD: 14 patients symptomatic and 12 asymptomatic 20 healthy volunteers | Urine | Double sugar test and fecal calprotectin | Lactulose and mannitol absorption | In the symptomatic MD symptomatic: Lactulose and mannitol absorption ↑ | |
| Fecal calprotectin (FC) | FC ↑ | ||||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | |||||||
| Xu et al. | 2016 | 60 OSA patients | Urine | UPLC-QTOF-MS coupled with GC-TOF-MS | 3-hydroxybutyric acid; 3-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid; 4-hydroxypentenoic acid; Lactic acid; Myoinositol; 2-Butenedioic acid | OSA patients compared to SS and control groups: | |
| 30 simply snored patients (SS) | 3-hydroxybutyric acid↑ 3-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid ↑ 4-hydroxypentenoic acid ↑ | ||||||
| 30 controls | OSA patients compared to control groups: lactic acid ↑ myoinositol ↑ 2-butenedioic acid ↓ | ||||||
| Lebkuchen et al. | 2018 | 37 patients with OSA | Plasma | MALDI-TOF-MS | Glycerophosphoethanolamines (PE-35:1); Lyso-phosphocholines (LPC-27:1); Sphingomyelin (SM-d18:1/12:0); Glutamic acid, Deoxy sugar; Arachidonic acid; Diacylglycerols (DAG); Glycerophosphocholines (PC); Glycerophosphates (PA) | PE-35:1 ↑ LPC-27:1 ↑ | |
| SM-d18:1/12:0 ↑ | |||||||
| Glutamic acid ↑ | |||||||
| 16 controls | Deoxy sugar ↑ | ||||||
| Arachidonic acid ↑ | |||||||
| DAG ↓ PC ↓ PA ↓ | |||||||
| Pinilla et al. | 2022 | 206 subjects: 142 OSA subjects [apnea-hypopnea index ≥15 events/hour after polysomnography (PSG)] | Serum | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Glycerophospholipid (cardiolipin (CL); Phosphatidylcholine (PC-P (36:4)); Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)); Sterols (bile acids); Oxylipids; 25-Cinnamoyl vulgaroside; Glycocholic acid; Bilirubin | CL ↑ PC-P (36:4) ↑ PE ↑ Sterols (bile acids) ↑ Oxylipids ↑ | The metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism and glycosylphosphatidylinositol acid metabolism |
| Effect of CPAP treatment on the circulating profile of OSA patients: | |||||||
| 25-Cinnamoyl vulgaroside ↑ Glycocholic acid ↑ Bilirubin ↑ | |||||||
| Xu et al. | 2018 | 30 pediatric subjects with OSA compared to a control group | Urine | UPLC-Q-TOF-MS coupled with GC-TOF-MS | Carbohydrates; Amino acid; Metabolites of microbial origin; Vitamins; Citrulline; Ornithine; 7-Methylguanine; Adenine; Uridine; 3,4,5-Trihydroxypentanoic acid; Quinic acid; Glycerol phosphate; Butanoate; Glucuronic acid; 2-Methylacetoacetic acid; 3-Methyl-2-pentenedioic acid; 3-pyridylacetic acid; Methylcitric acid; Oxalic acid | Increase in biomarker candidates in pediatric OSA patients ↑ | The metabolites were involved in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, microbial metabolism, vitamin metabolism, ornithine cycle, nucleic acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and bilirubin metabolism |
| Noise trauma | |||||||
| Ji et al. | 2019 | CBA/J mice (aged 8–12 weeks) subject to exposure to octave band noise (8–16 kHz) | Tissue | UHPLC-QqQ coupled with LC-MS/MS | Nucleotides; Cofactors; Carbohydrates; Glutamate; Amino acids; Cytosine; N-methyl-L-glutamate; L-methionine; L-arginine | Nucleotides ↑ Cofactors ↑ Carbohydrates ↑ Glutamate ↑ | The metabolites were involved in metabolism of alanine, aspartate, purine, glutamine and glutamate, and the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan |
| Amino acids ↓ | |||||||
| Change in metabolites with respect to the intensity and duration of noise exposure: | |||||||
| Cytosine ↑ N-methyl-L-glutamate ↑ | |||||||
| L-methionine ↓ | |||||||
| L-arginine ↓ | |||||||
| Miao et al. | 2021 | 62 NIHL patients | Plasma | UHPLC-Q-TOF MS | Homodeoxycholic acid; Quinolacetic acid; 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid; PE (15: 0/20: 2 (11Z, 14Z)); PC (15: 0/18: 1 (11Z)); PI (O-20: 0/18: 0) | Homodeoxycholic acid ↑ Quinolacetic acid ↑ 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid ↑ | Autophagy pathway was particularly involved in patients with NIHL |
| 62 Controls | PE ↓ PC ↓ PI ↓ | ||||||