TABLE 3.
Examples of some polymers used in nanogel formulations.
| Polymers | Sources | Characteristics | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cellulose | Marine animals (e.g., tunicates) and plants (e.g., wood, cotton, wheat straw) (Thoniyot et al., 2015) | Renewability, biodegradability and environmental friendliness [ 68] | Cellulose-based nanogels for controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Sultan et al., 2021) |
| Chitosan (CS) | “Hydrolyzation of the amino-acetyl groups of chitin, obtained from crustaceans and insects, by an alkaline treatment” [ 74] | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and pH sensitivity (Kang et al., 2019; Moraes et al., 2021; Pan et al., 2021) | Rutin-loaded Chitosan/poly (acrylic acid) nanogel by gamma radiation-induced polymerization (Ma et al., 2017) |
| Gelatin | Partial hydrolysis of collagen from natural sources like animal bones (Morimoto et al., 2005) | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, low antigenicity, and multi-functionality (Gao et al., 2016; Liwei et al., 2019; Sung and Kim, 2020; Raza et al., 2021) | Doxorubicin-loaded nanogels using fish gelatin methacryloyl (Morimoto et al., 2005) |
| Pullulan | “Derived from fermentation of black yeast like Aureobasidium pullulans” (Nagel et al., 2020) | Non-toxicity, immunogenic, good biocompatibility and biodegradability (Nagel et al., 2020) | Pullulan-based nanogel complex was formed for efficient mi RNA delivery (Wu et al., 2010) |
| Hyaluronic acid | “Non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan found throughout the connective, epithelial, and neural tissues”(Qiao et al., 2019; Cao et al., 2021) | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenic, non-inflammatory, and non-toxic (Bang et al., 2019; Qiao et al., 2019) | Hyaluronic acid-based nanogel was formed for successful delivery of curcumin and simvastatin (Rancan et al., 2019) |
| Carbopol® 971P NF | “Polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol” (Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Low toxicity, minimal irritation, bio-adhesive, extended-release modifier, rheology modifier, stabilizer (Qu et al., 2019; Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Carbopol® 971P NF-based nanogel was formed for successful delivery of low-dose, prolonged-release trans-dermal administration of Artemether (Nnamani et al., 2021) |
| Poloxamer 407 | “Polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol” (Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Low toxicity, minimal irritation, bio-adhesive, extended-release modifier, rheology modifier, stabilizer (Qu et al., 2019; Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Carbopol® 971P NF-based nanogel was formed for successful delivery of low-dose, prolonged-release trans-dermal administration of Artemether (Nnamani et al., 2021) |
| Prosopis Africana peel powders (PAPPs) | “Polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol” (Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Low toxicity, renewable, minimal irritation, bio-adhesive, extended-release modifier, rheology modifier, stabilizer (Qu et al., 2019; Manzanares-Guevara et al., 2020) | Carbopol® 971P NF-based nanogel was formed for successful delivery of low-dose, prolonged-release trans-dermal administration of Artemether (Nnamani et al., 2021) |
| Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm) | N-isopropylacrylamide chemical compound (Cho et al., 2019) | Smart, thermo-responsive, flexible physical properties, possible toxicity (Cho et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2019; Massi et al., 2020) | Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) Nanogels for efficient tumor therapy (Massi et al., 2020) |
| Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) | N-Vinylcaprolactam (Ye et al., 2019; Sawada et al., 2020) | Smart, thermo-responsive, biocompatible (Ma et al., 2019) | PVCL-based nanogels for potential HIV therapy (Sawada et al., 2020) |
| Poly (2- (N, N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) | Dimethylamino-ethyl methacrylate chemical compound | Smart, pH-responsive, versatile applications (Tran et al., 2018) | PDMAEMA nanogels for targeted delivery of Doxorubicin in cancer therapy (Liu et al., 2022) |
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | Lactic-co-glycolic acid chemical compound | Biodegradable, biocompatible, biosafety, thermoplastic (Howaili et al., 2021b) | PLGA hydrogels for controlled delivery of Temozolomide in cancer therapy (Shang et al., 2022) |