TABLE 1.
Patients' baseline characteristics and inpatient resource consumption of patients with DM, PAD and DM‐PAD
| DM | PAD | DM‐PAD | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n (% of all) | 469 (38.3) | 99 (8.1%) | 655 (53.6%) | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 66.3 (13.3) | 76.1 (17.0) | 71.0 (12.2) | <.001*** |
| Men, n (%) | 284 (60.6) | 56 (56.6) | 374 (57.1) | .48 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||
| Chinese | 192 (40.9) | 64 (64.6) | 340 (51.9) | <.001*** |
| Malay | 141 (30.1) | 15 (15.2) | 127 (19.4) | |
| Indian | 72 (15.4) | 10 (10.1) | 113 (17.3) | |
| Others | 64 (13.6) | 10 (10.1) | 75 (11.5) | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 127 (27.1) | 36 (36.4) | 189 (28.9) | .08 |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 87 (18.6) | 29 (29.3) | 293 (44.7) | <.001*** |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 69 (14.7) | 19 (19.2) | 165 (25.2) | <.001*** |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 365 (77.8) | 60 (60.6) | 574 (87.6) | <.001*** |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 319 (68.0) | 22 (22.2) | 533 (81.4) | <.001*** |
| Renal function, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 224 (47.8) | 52 (52.5) | 179 (27.3) | <.001*** |
| Chronic kidney disease | 180 (38.4) | 21 (21.2) | 261 (39.8) | |
| End stage renal failure | 65 (13.9) | 26 (26.3) | 215 (32.8) | |
| Cerebral vascular disease, n (%) | 24 (5.1) | 11 (11.1) | 84 (12.8) | <.001*** |
| Infection requires intravenous antibiotic, n (%) | 432 (92.1) | 86 (86.9) | 613 (93.6) | .06 |
| DM controlled by insulin, n (%) | 136 (29.0) | — a | 242 (36.9) | <.01** |
| Procedures and resource consumption | ||||
| Number of bedside wound dressing, median (IQR) | 2.0 (3.0) | 3.0 (4.0) | 5.0 (9.0) | <.001*** |
| Wound debridement, n (%) | 105 (22.4) | 9 (9.1) | 127 (19.4) | <.001*** |
| Minor amputation, n (%) | 88 (18.8) | 14 (14.1) | 214 (32.7) | <.001*** |
| Revascularization, n (%) | — a | 42 (42.4) | 381 (58.2) | <.01** |
| Number of hospital admissions, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | 2.0 (2.0) | <.001*** |
| Length of inpatient stay per admission (days), median (IQR) | 6.0 (10.0) | 13.0 (19.9) | 13.2 (19.9) | <.001*** |
| Inpatient bill per visit (Singapore Dollar), median (IQR) | 4853.9 (9948.0) | 14060.1 (20276.7) | 13497.0 (20457.5) | <.001*** |
| Outpatient bill (Singapore Dollar), median (IQR) | 1672.9 (4936.5) | 2474.3 (5466.9) | 4933.5 (9411.3) | <.001*** |
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes; IQR, interquartile range; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SD, standard deviation.
a
No insulin therapy is required in PAD group; No revascularization is required in DM group.
**P<.01; ***P<.001.