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. 2022 Sep 8;13:983830. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983830

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Copyright © 2022 Haider, Farooq, Naveed, Cheema, Ain, Salim, Liqun and Mustafa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of integrated application of biochar and microbes on (A) total nitrogen, (B) total phosphorous, (C) available phosphorous, and (D) available potassium under cadmium (Cd) stress. Bars are representing means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replication. Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. BC = biochar types; Cd = artificial cadmium stress; MI = microbial inoculation; BC0 = zero biochar; BC1 = maize-straw synthesized biochar, BC2 = cow-manure synthesized biochar; BC3 = poultry-manure synthesized biochar; MI0 = no microbial inoculation; MI1 = Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) microbial inoculation; MI2 = Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) microbial inoculation; MI3 = combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis microbial inoculation; Cd0 = 0 ppm Cd; Cd1 = 10 ppm Cd; Cd2 = 30 ppm Cd.