Figure 2.

Effect of integrated application of biochar and microbes on (A) chlorophyll contents, (B) transpiration rate, and (C) water use efficiency of maize grown under cadmium (Cd) stress. Bars are representing means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replication. Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. BC = biochar types; Cd = artificial cadmium stress; MI = microbial inoculation; BC₀ = zero biochar; BC₁ = maize-straw synthesized biochar, BC₂ = cow-manure synthesized biochar; BC₃ = poultry-manure synthesized biochar; MI₀ = no microbial inoculation; MI₁ = Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) microbial inoculation; MI₂ = Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) microbial inoculation; MI₃= combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis microbial inoculation; Cd₀ = 0 ppm Cd; Cd₁ = 10 ppm Cd; Cd₂ = 30 ppm Cd.