Figure 4.

Effect of integrated application of biochar and microbes on (A) electrolyte leakage (EL), (B) malondialdehyde (MDA), and (C) hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) of maize grown under cadmium (Cd), stress. Bars are representing means ± standard deviation (SD) of three replication. Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. BC = biochar types; Cd = artificial cadmium stress; MI = microbial inoculation; BC₀ = zero biochar; BC₁ = maize-straw synthesized biochar, BC₂ = cow-manure synthesized biochar; BC₃ = poultry-manure synthesized biochar; MI₀ = no microbial inoculation; MI₁ = Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) microbial inoculation; MI₂= Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) microbial inoculation; MI₃ = combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis microbial inoculation; Cd₀ = 0 ppm Cd; Cd₁ = 10 ppm Cd; Cd₂ = 30 ppm Cd.