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. 2022 Sep 8;13:983830. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983830

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Copyright © 2022 Haider, Farooq, Naveed, Cheema, Ain, Salim, Liqun and Mustafa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), of soil physico-chemical properties and maize plant physiological traits, showing the contribution of Cd toxicity, biochar and microbes addition to variability. Phote. rate, photosynthesis rate; Pa/kPr, water use efficiency; SPAD, chlorophyll SPAD value; TR, transpiration rate; SC, stomatal conductance; total nitrogen, T.N; total phosphorous, T.P; available phosphorous, A.P; available potassium, A.P; In CO₂, Intercellular carbon dioxide; RFB, root fresh biomass; RDB, root dry biomass; RL, root length; PH, plant shoot height; SFB, plant shoot fresh biomass; SDB, plant shoot dry biomass; catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; electrolyte leakage, EL; malondialdehyde, MDA; hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂; P_Cd, cadmium concentration in plant shoot; cadmium; S_Cd, cadmium concentration in soil; R_Cd, cadmium concentration in plant root.