Table 2.
Results of the odds ratio (OR) for developing poor self-rated health.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
AOR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
AOR (95% CI) |
|
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 60–64 | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| 65–69 | 1.79 (1.33–2.42)*** | 1.93 (1.37–2.72)*** | 1.92 (1.23–2.99)** | 2.23 (1.35–3.68)** | 1.07 (0.64–1.78) | 1.12 (0.63–2.00) |
| 70–74 | 1.50 (1.12–2.01)** | 1.60 (1.14–2.24)** | 1.41 (0.92–2.15) | 1.66 (1.02–2.69)* | 1.28 (0.79–2.07) | 1.19 (0.67–2.10) |
| 75–79 | 2.33 (1.63–3.32)*** | 2.31 (1.54–3.48)*** | 1.95 (1.19–3.21)** | 2.25 (1.28–3.97)** | 1.80 (0.99–3.28) | 1.55 (0.77–3.14) |
| ≥80 | 1.70 (1.22–2.38)** | 1.38 (0.92–2.09) | 1.33 (0.83–2.15) | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) | 2.13 (1.25–3.63)** | 1.51 (0.75–3.04) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Female | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | 1.30 (0.96–1.75) | 1.27 (0.84–1.94) | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 0.92 (0.55–1.56) |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||||
| 18.5–22.9 | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| <18.5 | 1.52 (1.04–2.21)* | 1.33 (0.87–2.02) | 1.89 (0.98–3.65) | 1.67 (0.83–3.40) | 1.94 (1.14–3.30)* | 1.59 (0.85–2.97) |
| 23.0–27.4 | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.14 (0.88–1.48) | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | 1.35 (0.86–2.11) |
| ≥ 27.5 | 1.71 (1.11–2.62)* | 1.78 (1.10–2.87)* | 1.37 (0.76–2.46) | 1.33 (0.69–2.54) | 1.52 (0.72–3.20) | 1.95 (0.83–4.54) |
| Living status | ||||||
| Not living alone | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Living alone | 1.44 (1.04–1.99)* | 1.29 (0.83–1.99) | 1.67 (1.02–2.73)* | 1.89 (1.01–3.54)* | 1.06 (0.62–1.82) | 0.76 (0.36–1.59) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Rural | 1.68 (1.37–2.07)*** | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 1.65 (1.22–2.22)** | 1.11 (0.78–1.59) | 2.08 (1.47–2.96)*** | 1.51 (0.96–2.39) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/cohabited | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Single | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.70 (0.49–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 0.52 (0.32–0.84)** | 1.23 (0.81–1.88) | 1.10 (0.61–2.01) |
| Education | ||||||
| High school and above | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Primary school and below | 2.45 (1.83–3.28)*** | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 2.54 (1.70–3.81)*** | 1.20 (0.74–1.97) | 2.31 (1.37–3.88)** | 1.29 (0.67–2.47) |
| Junior school | 1.58 (1.11–2.27)* | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) | 1.64 (0.99–2.71) | 1.36 (0.78–2.36) | 1.53 (0.81–2.88) | 1.24 (0.60–2.54) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non–smoking | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Former smoking | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) | 1.35 (0.76–2.39) | 0.71 (0.40–1.23) | 1.19 (0.59–2.42) | 0.50 (0.16–1.63) | 0.49 (0.12–1.96) |
| Smoking | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 1.21 (0.83–1.77) | 1.09 (0.70–1.68) | 1.43 (0.82–2.51) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 1.25 (0.69–2.27) |
| Drinking status | ||||||
| Non-drinking | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Former drinking | 1.03 (0.60–1.78) | 0.97 (0.50–1.89) | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 0.83 (0.36–1.89) | 0.49 (0.12–1.91) | 0.57 (0.12–2.65) |
| Drinking | 0.61 (0.46–0.81)*** | 0.62 (0.43–0.88)** | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | 0.74 (0.44–1.24) | 0.64 (0.41–1.01) | 0.53 (0.30–0.94)* |
| Functional ability | ||||||
| Robust | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Limited | 2.46 (1.97–3.08)*** | 1.71 (1.29–2.27)*** | 2.27 (1.65–3.11)*** | 1.58 (1.07–2.34)* | 1.93 (1.34–2.80)*** | 1.35 (0.82–2.22) |
| Depression | ||||||
| Normal | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Depressed | 5.88 (4.63–7.48)*** | 3.75 (2.84–4.94)*** | 5.88 (4.16–8.30)*** | 3.78 (2.55–5.62)*** | 4.45 (3.04–6.51)*** | 2.93 (1.84–4.66)*** |
| Loneliness | ||||||
| No | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Yes | 2.61 (2.07–3.29)*** | 1.59 (1.21–2.09)** | 2.51 (1.80–3.50)*** | 1.58 (1.07–2.32)* | 2.06 (1.40–3.01)*** | 1.40 (0.88–2.22) |
| Social participation | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 1.97 (1.58–2.45)*** | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 2.40 (1.73–3.33)*** | 1.55 (1.06–2.27)* | 1.69 (1.19–2.40)** | 0.87 (0.56–1.35) |
| Social support | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 2.65 (2.14–3.29)*** | 1.57 (1.21–2.04)** | 2.32 (1.71–3.17)*** | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 3.32 (2.32–4.75)*** | 2.15 (1.39–3.33)** |
| Social connection | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 2.14 (1.67–2.75)*** | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 2.15 (1.49–3.10)*** | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 1.95 (1.30–2.91)** | 0.81 (0.49–1.34) |
| Trust | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 2.60 (2.08–3.25)*** | 1.23 (0.91–1.65) | 2.45 (1.77–3.37)*** | 1.29 (0.85–1.95) | 2.42 (1.68–3.48)*** | 1.05 (0.64–1.75) |
| Cohesion | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 2.25 (1.80–2.82)*** | 0.85 (0.63–1.14) | 1.74 (1.27–2.38)** | 0.63 (0.42–0.94)* | 2.66 (1.83–3.87)*** | 1.13 (0.68–1.89) |
| Reciprocity | ||||||
| High | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. | REF. |
| Low | 3.23 (2.57–4.05)*** | 1.73 (1.29–2.31)*** | 3.08 (2.23–4.27)*** | 1.77 (1.17–2.68)** | 2.92 (2.03–4.22)*** | 1.59 (0.98–2.57) |
Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 included 1,810, 1,280, and 530 participants, respectively.
OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals.
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01; and
***
p < 0.001.