Damage to the endothelium
Cerebral venous catheters
Inflammation (i.e., lupus, inflammatory bowel disease)
Systemic infections
Antiphospholipid antibodies
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Change in laminar flow
Congenital or acquired heart disease
Local anatomical causes (e.g., congenital anomalies of pulmonary arteries or after corrective heart surgery, e.g., Fontan surgery
Total parenteral nutrition
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Thrombophilia
Nephrotic syndrome
Cancer
Medications (L-asparaginase therapy)
Pregnancy or hormonal supplementation
Antiphospholipid antibodies
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Inherited conditions
Deficit of anticoagulants (i.e., protein C, protein S, Antithrombin III)
Factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene variant
Elevated homocysteine
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