Table 1.
Baseline demographics and laboratory characteristics by prior history of CVD
| Variables | Patients without a prior history of CVD (n = 198) | Patients with prior a history of CVD (n = 127) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 57 ± 14.4 | 65.5 ± 13.9 | <.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 105 (53.0) | 48 (37.8) | .01 |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| Black | 34 (17.2) | 22 (17.3) | .97 |
| White | 154 (77.8) | 102 (80.3) | .59 |
| Others | 10 (0.05) | 3 (0.02) | |
| Etiology of CKD, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 42 (21.3) | 49 (38.6) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 79 (40.1) | 77 (60.6) | <.001 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 72 (36.5) | 18 (14.2) | <.001 |
| Interstitial renal disease | 24 (12.2) | 9 (7.1) | .14 |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 17 (8.6) | 3 (2.4) | .02 |
| Other | 22 (11.2) | 23 (18.1) | .08 |
| Clinical and lab characteristics, mean ± SD | |||
| Weight (kg) | 83 ± 18.7 | 87.5 ± 21.4 | .05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 6.3 | 30.4 ± 7.1 | .11 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 135.4 ± 21.1 | 145.8 ± 24.3 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.7 ± 11.8 | 76.1 ± 12.9 | .01 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 66.5 ± 10.2 | 64.6 ± 10.8 | .12 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200 ± 50.6 | 174.7 ± 48 | <.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.7 ± 14.8 | 39.1 ± 12.2 | .01 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 154.9 ± 89.7 | 137.9 ± 75.7 | .08 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.07 ± 0.45 | 3.93 ± 0.44 | .01 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 4.57 ± 7.02 | 6.39 ± 8.97 | .04 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.22 ± 0.64 | 9.01 ± 0.78 | .01 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.71 ± 0.85 | 3.74 ± 0.86 | .79 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 155.4 ± 163 | 181.7 ± 176.1 | .17 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.9 ± 4.6 | 36.3 ± 4.8 | .25 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.66 ± 1.14 | 2.61 ± 1.4 | .73 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2; CKD-EPI) | 27 ± 12 | 28 ± 10 | .68 |
| UPCR (g/g creatinine) | 1.17 ± 2.01 | 1.28 ± 1.84 | .87 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Statin | 78 (39.4) | 78 (61.4) | <.001 |
| Diuretic | 82 (41.4) | 83 (65.4) | <.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 72 (36.4) | 72 (56.7) | <.001 |
| Beta blocker | 74 (37.4) | 95 (74.8) | <.001 |
| ACEI/ARB/renin inhibitor | 145 (87.9) | 75 (86.2) | .71 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 49 (24.7) | 72 (56.7) | <.001 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | .38 | ||
| Stage 2 | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.6) | |
| Stage 3 | 78 (39.6) | 60 (47.2) | |
| Stage 4 | 96 (48.7) | 53 (41.7) | |
| Stage 5 | 22 (11.2) | 12 (9.4) | |
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 24 (12.1) | 12 (9.4) | .45 |
| Tobacco use history, n (%) | .01 | ||
| Current tobacco use | 24 (12.1) | 12 (9.4) | |
| Former tobacco use | 56 (28.3) | 57 (44.9) | |
| Never | 113 (57.1) | 58 (45.7) | |
| New CV event during follow-up, n (%) | 12 (6.1) | 38 (29.9) | <.001 |
| Tryptophan metabolites (µM), mean ± SD | |||
| Tryptophan | 26.70 ± 6.85 | 25.92 ± 6.95 | .32 |
| Kynurenine | 4.11 ± 2.11 | 4.14 ± 1.82 | .89 |
| Kynurenine:tryptophan ratio, mean ± SD | .16 ± 0.07 | .16 ± 0.06 | .34 |
| Hydroxykynurenine (nM) | 108.49 ± 27.41 | 110.45 ± 27.32 | .53 |
| Kynurenic acid (nM) | 51.01 ± 41.23 | 47.92 ± 39.17 | .50 |
| Anthranilic acid (nM) | 33 ± 34 | 34 ± 17 | .79 |
| Hydroxyanthranilic acid, nM | 77.64 ± 19.52 | 77.22 ± 19.43 | .85 |
| Quinolinic acid | 1.51 ± 1.95 | 1.61 ± 1.99 | .66 |
| Indole metabolites (µM) | |||
| Indoxyl sulfate | 9.82 ± 12.98 | 8.53 ± 10.22 | .34 |
| Indole-3-acetate | 1.46 ± 1.63 | 1.49 ± 1.87 | .89 |
| Subclinical CVD, mean ± SD | |||
| Maximum CIMT (mm) | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | <.001 |
| Aorta calcium score | 289 ± 1089 | 1337 ± 2034 | .003 |
| Coronary calcium score | 240 ± 684 | 1109 ± 1631 | .001 |
| Agatston CT score | 214 ± 538 | 820 ± 1358 | <.001 |
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker. P-values <.05 are in bold.