Table 2.
Baseline demographics and laboratory characteristics by development of new CV events during the study
| Variables | No CV event (n = 275) | New CV event (n = 50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 59.2 ± 14.9 | 66.9 ± 12.3 | <.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 136 (49.5) | 17 (34) | .04 |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| Black | 49 (17.8) | 7 (14) | .51 |
| White | 214 (77.8) | 42 (84) | .33 |
| Others | 12 (4.4) | 1 (2) | .43 |
| Etiology of CKD, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 67 (24.5) | 24 (48) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 128 (46.7) | 28 (56) | .23 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 81 (29.6) | 9 (18) | .09 |
| Interstitial renal disease | 31 (11.3) | 2 (4) | .12 |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 20 (7.3) | 0 (0) | .05 |
| Other | 36 (13.1) | 9 (18) | .36 |
| History of prior CVD, n (%) | 12 (24) | 38 (76) | <.001 |
| Clinical and lab characteristics, mean ± SD | |||
| Weight (kg) | 84.0 ± 19.9 | 89.2 ± 19.2 | .09 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 6.6 | 30.1 ± 6.8 | .61 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.3 ± 22.3 | 140.3 ± 26.6 | .77 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.1 ± 12.0 | 74.2 ± 13.5 | .01 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 65.6 ± 10.2 | 66.5 ± 12.2 | .57 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.7 ± 50.0 | 175.9 ± 54.6 | .03 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 41.5 ± 13.0 | 44.2 ± 18.4 | .21 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 149.4 ± 82.9 | 142.0 ± 95.3 | .57 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.05 ± 0.44 | 3.82 ± 0.46 | <.001 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 4.82 ± 7.47 | 7.80 ± 9.52 | .02 |
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | 9.18 ± 0.69 | 8.90 ± 0.73 | .01 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.66 ± 0.81 | 4.03 ± 1.03 | .01 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 161.2 ± 169.3 | 189.9 ± 163.1 | .27 |
| Hematocrit | 36.9 ± 4.8 | 35.6 ± 4.1 | .09 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.59 ± 1.18 | 2.93 ± 1.55 | .07 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2; CKD-EPI) | 28 ± 11 | 24 ± 11 | .08 |
| UPCR (g/g creatinine) | 0.98 ± 1.44 | 2.47 ± 3.59 | .08 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Statin | 128 (46.5) | 28 (56) | .22 |
| Diuretic | 133 (48.4) | 32 (64) | .04 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 119 (43.3) | 25 (50) | .38 |
| Beta blocker | 139 (50.5) | 30 (60) | .22 |
| ACEI/ARB/renin inhibitor | 183 (86.7) | 37 (90.2) | .54 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 97 (35.3) | 24 (48) | .09 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | .56 | ||
| Stage 2 | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Stage 3 | 120 (43.8) | 18 (36) | |
| Stage 4 | 124 (45.3) | 25 (50) | |
| Stage 5 | 27 (9.9) | 7 (14) | |
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 32 (11.6) | 4 (8) | .45 |
| Tobacco use history, n (%) | .09 | ||
| Current tobacco use | 32 (11.6) | 4 (8) | |
| Former tobacco use | 88 (32) | 25 (50) | |
| Never | 1150 (54.5) | 21 (42) | |
| Tryptophan metabolites (µM), mean ± SD | |||
| Tryptophan | 26.62 ± 6.78 | 25.13 ± 7.41 | .16 |
| Kynurenine | 4.11 ± 1.96 | 4.23 ± 2.23 | .68 |
| Kynurenine:tryptophan ratio, mean ± SD | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | .11 |
| Kynurenic acid (nM) | 48.81 ± 38.07 | 55.24 ± 51.51 | .30 |
| Anthranilic acid (nM) | 33 ± 30 | 37 ± 20 | .36 |
| Quinolinic acid | 1.44 ± 1.62 | 2.13 ± 3.22 | .02 |
| Hydroxykynurenine (nM) | 108.50 ± 28.86 | 113.42 ± 29.81 | .24 |
| Hydroxyanthranilic acid (nM) | 77.05 ± 19.01 | 79.81 ± 21.84 | .36 |
| Indole metabolites (µM, mean ± SD | |||
| Indoxyl sulfate | 9.18 ± 11.51 | 10.08 ± 14.40 | .63 |
| Indole-3-acetate | 1.46 ± 1.58 | 1.53 ± 2.39 | .80 |
| Subclinical CVD, mean ± SD | |||
| Maximum CIMT (mm) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | <.001 |
| Aorta calcium score | 475 ± 1320 | 1295 ± 2117 | .04 |
| Coronary calcium score | 355 ± 751 | 1187 ± 1912 | .01 |
| Agatston CT score | 295 ± 590 | 989 ± 1719 | <.001 |
BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker. P-values <.05 are in bold.