Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by renal replacement therapy (RRT) status and identified RRT predictors in the total cohort
| Total | Non-RRT | RRT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) | (%) | (%) | ||
| Model 1: Basic model Kidney Failure Risk Equations (KFRE) four variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 20–29 | 108 611 | (24.5) | (24.6) | (4.0) |
| 30–39 | 148 710 | (33.6) | (33.7) | (9.8) | |
| 40–49 | 76 673 | (17.3) | (17.3) | (13.2) | |
| 50–59 | 60 497 | (13.7) | (13.6) | (31.0) | |
| 60–69 | 35 676 | (8.1) | (8.0) | (29.5) | |
| 70–79 | 11 109 | (2.5) | (2.5) | (11.1) | |
| ≥80 | 1438 | (0.3) | (0.3) | (1.4) | |
| Sex | Men | 224 315 | (50.7) | (50.7) | (52.6) |
| Women | 218 399 | (49.3) | (49.3) | (47.4) | |
| Proteinuria | Negative | 415 324 | (93.8) | (94.1) | (43.6) |
| Trace | 21 692 | (4.9) | (4.8) | (17.5) | |
| 1+ | 3548 | (0.8) | (0.7) | (15.4) | |
| 2+ | 1350 | (0.3) | (0.2) | (11.3) | |
| ≥3+ | 800 | (0.2) | (0.1) | (12.2) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | ≥ 90 | 211 735 | (47.8) | (48.0) | (16.3) |
| 60-89 | 213 736 | (48.3) | (48.3) | (35.9) | |
| 45-59 | 14 357 | (3.2) | (3.2) | (20.3) | |
| 30-44 | 2290 | (0.5) | (0.4) | (14.8) | |
| <30 | 596 | (0.1) | (0.1) | (12.6) | |
| Model 2: Basic model + medical history + lifestyle predictors | |||||
| Education | Middle school or lower | 93 687 | (21.2) | (20.9) | (65.9) |
| High school | 93 825 | (21.2) | (21.2) | (16.6) | |
| Junior college | 90 357 | (20.4) | (20.5) | (8.9) | |
| College or higher | 164 845 | (37.2) | (37.4) | (8.5) | |
| Smoking status | Non-smoker | 313 219 | (70.7) | (70.8) | (64.6) |
| Ex-smoker | 28 307 | (6.4) | (6.4) | (10.1) | |
| Current smoker | 101 188 | (22.9) | (22.8) | (25.4) | |
| Hypertension medication | No | 406 727 | (91.9) | (92.0) | (59.0) |
| Yes | 35 987 | (8.1) | (8.0) | (41.0) | |
| Diabetes medication | No | 430 016 | (97.1) | (97.3) | (61.0) |
| Yes | 12 698 | (2.9) | (2.7) | (39.0) | |
| Physical activity | Inactive | 218 364 | (49.3) | (49.3) | (50.7) |
| Low | 116 018 | (26.2) | (26.2) | (19.3) | |
| Medium | 67 217 | (15.2) | (15.2) | (16.7) | |
| High | 25 724 | (5.8) | (5.8) | (9.4) | |
| Very high | 15 391 | (3.5) | (3.5) | (3.8) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 37 244 | (8.4) | (8.4) | (2.6) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 282 907 | (63.9) | (64.0) | (50.7) | |
| 25–29.9 | 103 499 | (23.4) | (23.3) | (37.0) | |
| ≥30 | 19 064 | (4.3) | (4.3) | (9.6) | |
| Resting heart rate (beats/min) | 40–59 | 46 310 | (10.5) | (10.5) | (6.6) |
| 60–69 | 145 021 | (32.8) | (32.8) | (20.3) | |
| 70–79 | 154 261 | (34.8) | (34.9) | (30.2) | |
| 80–89 | 70 845 | (16.0) | (16.0) | (24.3) | |
| 90–99 | 20 058 | (4.5) | (4.5) | (13.6) | |
| ≥100 | 6219 | (1.4) | (1.4) | (5.0) | |
| Model 3: Full model | |||||
| Urine glucose | Negative | 435 192 | (98.3) | (98.5) | (67.8) |
| Trace | 1577 | (0.4) | (0.3) | (5.0) | |
| 1+ | 1377 | (0.3) | (0.3) | (5.5) | |
| ≥2+ | 4568 | (1.0) | (0.9) | (21.8) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | <110 | 142 226 | (32.1) | (32.2) | (9.3) |
| 110–139 | 242 865 | (54.9) | (54.9) | (39.6) | |
| 140–159 | 42 312 | (9.6) | (9.5) | (25.2) | |
| ≥160 | 15 311 | (3.5) | (3.3) | (25.9) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | <70 | 192 636 | (43.5) | (43.6) | (20.3) |
| 70–89 | 213 969 | (48.3) | (48.3) | (52.4) | |
| 90–109 | 33 425 | (7.6) | (7.5) | (22.9) | |
| ≥110 | 2684 | (0.6) | (0.6) | (4.4) | |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | <100 | 294 968 | (66.6) | (66.8) | (32.9) |
| 100–109 | 100 285 | (22.7) | (22.7) | (14.1) | |
| 110–125 | 29 036 | (6.6) | (6.5) | (10.4) | |
| 126–139 | 5734 | (1.3) | (1.3) | (5.3) | |
| ≥140 | 12 691 | (2.9) | (2.7) | (37.2) | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | <65 | 113 038 | (25.5) | (25.6) | (4.2) |
| 65–90 | 107 057 | (24.2) | (24.2) | (11.8) | |
| 91–137 | 112 847 | (25.5) | (25.5) | (24.4) | |
| ≥138 | 109 772 | (24.8) | (24.6) | (59.5) | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | <11 | 113 614 | (25.7) | (25.8) | (5.9) |
| 11–13 | 110 305 | (24.9) | (25.0) | (8.5) | |
| 13–16 | 108 265 | (24.5) | (24.5) | (15.6) | |
| ≥16 | 110 530 | (25.0) | (24.7) | (69.9) | |
| Albumin (g/dL) | <4.4 | 101 179 | (22.9) | (22.7) | (45.3) |
| 4.4–4.51 | 128 525 | (29.0) | (29.1) | (24.5) | |
| 4.52–4.70 | 121 833 | (27.5) | (27.6) | (17.2) | |
| ≥4.71 | 91 177 | (20.6) | (20.6) | (13.0) | |
| White blood cells (103/uL) | <5.2 | 108 891 | (24.6) | (24.7) | (12.1) |
| 5.2–6.09 | 118 464 | (26.8) | (26.8) | (18.5) | |
| 6.1–7.19 | 107 549 | (24.3) | (24.3) | (26.6) | |
| ≥7.2 | 107 810 | (24.4) | (24.3) | (42.7) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | <13.3 | 113 672 | (25.7) | (25.6) | (38.8) |
| 13.3–14.2 | 105 806 | (23.9) | (23.9) | (19.6) | |
| 14.3–15.4 | 113 645 | (25.7) | (25.7) | (23.0) | |
| ≥15.5 | 109 591 | (24.8) | (24.8) | (18.6) | |
| Urine specific gravity | <1.015 | 66 434 | (15.0) | (15.0) | (14.8) |
| 1.015–1.019 | 135 304 | (30.6) | (30.6) | (32.6) | |
| 1.020–1.021 | 154 154 | (34.8) | (34.8) | (37.1) | |
| ≥1.021 | 86 822 | (19.6) | (19.6) | (15.5) | |
These variables were significantly associated with increased risk of RRT in stepwise multivariable models (P < 0.05) in the total cohort;
BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; N, number of participants; RRT, renal replacement therapy.