Table 1. Description of the Most Used Nanobiocatalysts for the Removal of Pollutants in Wastewater.
| enzyme | nanomaterial | immobilization strategy | application | improvement due immobilization | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| laccase | fumed silica | sorption assisted | oxidation of phenolic compounds | increase of enzymatic activity up to 1.64-fold free enzyme | (66) |
| laccase | fumed silica | sorption assisted | elimination of: | higher activity retention over a wide pH range compared with free enzyme | (67) |
| hydroquinone | |||||
| bisphenol A | |||||
| diclofenac | |||||
| gemfibrozil | |||||
| benzophenone-2 | |||||
| benzophenone-4 | |||||
| laccase | zeolitic imidazole framework-8 | covalently | acid blue 92:AB92 degradation | dye removal up to 90% | (68) |
| laccase | graphene oxide-zeolite nanocomposite | covalently | direct red 23 degradation | reusability over five cycles, high storage stability, and thermal stability | (69) |
| laccase | micronanobubbles (MNB) | NSa | degradation of: | degradation 2.3–6.2 higher than only enzyme | (70) |
| bisphenol A | |||||
| bisphenol B | |||||
| bisphenol C | |||||
| mixture of BPA, BPB, BPC | |||||
| laccase | Cu2O nanowire-mesocrystal | covalently | degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol | enzyme activity 10-fold higher than free enzyme | (71) |
| glucose oxidase | Fe2O3 yolk–shell | covalently | decolorization of dyes’ degradation of biophenol A | 32-fold higher stability than the free enzyme | (72) |
| horseradish peroxidase | |||||
| laccase | |||||
| peroxidases | magnetic-core | sorption assisted | phenol removal | enzymes retained 50% of their initial activity after 6 uses | (73) |
| polyphenol oxidase | |||||
| horseradish peroxidase | GO_Fe3O4/Au@CA | sorption assisted | 4-chlorophenols | removal of 98% 4-CP and retention of 95% of the initial activity after three cycles | (74) |
| lignin peroxidase | carbon nanotubes | sorption assisted | decolorization of dyes | increase of 18- and 27-fold of activity compared to the free enzyme | (75) |
| oxidase | Nafion/oil/Pt-nanoparticles | NS | oxidation of glucose, choline, lactate, and sucrose | oxidation rate enhancement by a factor of 10–30 | (76) |
| cyanate hydratase | magnetic-multiwall carbon nanotubes | covalently | treatment of waters with cyanate, chromium, iron, lead, and copper | long-term storage stability | (77) |
| catalase | magnetic-multiwall carbon nanotubes | physical adsorption | treatment of wastewater | improvement of enzyme activity and stability | (78) |
| lipase | ionic liquids-modified carboxymethyl cellulose nanoparticles | covalently | industrial wastewater treatment | specific activity 1.43 higher than free enzyme | (79) |
| lipase | copper ferrite nanoparticles | covalently | industrial wastewater | high storage and temperature stability; reusability up to 80% after 10 cycles | (80) |
a
NS = not specified.