Table 2.
The proportion of pharmacists and pharmacy technologists who correctly/positively responded to knowledge, attitudes, and practices questions on poultry ABU and AMR.
| Variable | Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Questions | Total n = 178 (%) | Pharmacists n = 91 (%) | Pharm Techs n = 87 (%) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge | I know the withdrawal period of antimicrobials | 120 (67.4) | 65 (71.4) | 55 (63.2) | 0.245 |
| I am aware of antimicrobial resistance | 172 (96.6) | 91 (100) | 81 (93.1) | 0.011 | |
| Antimicrobials can cure all diseases caused by microorganisms in the poultry | 97 (54.5) | 43 (47.3) | 54 (62.1) | 0.047 | |
| Antibiotics are effective against viral infections | 34 (19.1) | 14 (15.4) | 20 (23.0) | 0.197 | |
| All antimicrobials can have the same curative effect in poultry diseases | 59 (33.2) | 30 (33.0) | 29 (33.3) | 0.959 | |
| Antimicrobials have some side effects | 161 (90.5) | 84 (92.3) | 77 (88.5) | 0.388 | |
| Antimicrobials are required for all flocks; when one bird is sick | 125 (70.2) | 60 (65.9) | 65 (74.7) | 0.200 | |
| Antimicrobials residues can be passed to humans from poultry products | 153 (86.0) | 80 (87.9) | 73 (83.9) | 0.442 | |
| Attitude | Use of antimicrobials in poultry may lead to AMR | 170 (95.5) | 89 (97.8) | 81 (93.1) | 0.132 |
| Missing dose of antimicrobials in poultry can lead to AMR | 168 (94.4) | 88 (96.7) | 80 (92.0) | 0.169 | |
| Restriction on antimicrobial usage in poultry can be more beneficial than harmful | 161 (90.5) | 80 (87.9) | 81 (93.1) | 0.239 | |
| Antimicrobials should be added with feed to prevent diseases at any time | 47 (26.4) | 16 (17.6) | 31 (35.6) | 0.006 | |
| Antimicrobials should be stored in a designated place in the shop | 171 (96.1) | 88 (96.7) | 83 (95.4) | 0.655 | |
| Antimicrobials should be sold at a less price when about to expire to prevent wastage | 99 (55.6) | 46 (50.6) | 53 (60.9) | 0.164 | |
| We need guidelines for dispensing poultry antimicrobials | 175 (98.3) | 89 (97.8) | 86 (98.9) | 0.587 | |
| Antimicrobials are misused in poultry production | 167 (93.8) | 84 (92.3) | 83 (95.4) | 0.391 | |
| Practice | I sell poultry antimicrobials without a prescription | 130 (73.0) | 71 (78.0) | 59 (67.8) | 0.125 |
| I recommend farmers to use antimicrobials as growth promoters | 33 (18.54) | 14 (15.4) | 19 (21.8) | 0.268 | |
| I encourage farmers to observe withdrawal periods | 139 (78.1) | 72 (79.1) | 67 (77.0) | 0.734 | |
| I ask farmers to increase the dose and frequency when poultry disease persists | 33 (18.5) | 16 (17.6) | 17 (19.5) | 0.737 | |
| I recommend farmers to stop using antimicrobials before completing the course when poultry gets improved | 24 (13.5) | 7 (7.7) | 17 (19.5) | 0.021 | |
| I encourage farmers not to sell poultry products during the use of antimicrobials | 143 (80.3) | 74 (81.3) | 69 (79.3) | 0.736 | |
| I inform farmers about the course of antimicrobials | 155 (87.1) | 77 (84.6) | 78 (89.7) | 0.316 | |
| I refer poultry farmers to veterinary experts for specialist services | 149 (83.7) | 80 (87.9) | 69 (79.3) | 0.120 |
All values are mean percentage scores with standard deviation (SD), p-values from students’ Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test/student t-test. Pharm techs-pharmacy technologists, boldface indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.