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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2022 Jul 22;135:107433. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107433

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Effects of acute morning treatment with methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone on actigraphy-based sleep parameters in naïve monkeys. Sleep latency (A) and sleep efficiency (B) in the nights after morning (10:00h) administration of vehicle (Veh), methadone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.), buprenorphine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) or naltrexone (0.03–1.0 mg/kg, i.m.) or during the following evening (right panel, C and D) in male rhesus monkeys (N=5). Actigraphy-based sleep-like measures are presented as normalized data (percentage of baseline) averaged for the 5 subjects, representing mean ± SEM. Actigraphy-based sleep parameters were evaluated over the 12-hour dark phase (1800 h to 0600 h). Dotted lines represent baseline sleep parameters (100%). *p<0.05 compared to Veh (Bonferroni t-tests, p<0.05).