Table 5.
Identification and concentration (μg/g) of volatile compounds found in saffron floral by-products 1.
| Code | Compound | RT | SFL1 Fresh (μg/g) | SFL1 Freeze-Dried (μg/g) |
SFL1 Air-Oven Dried (μg/g) |
SFL2 Fresh (μg/g) |
SFL2 Freeze-Dried (μg/g) |
SFL2 Air-Oven Dried (μg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V1 | Acetic acid | 2.441 | 145.21b | 5.09cd | 0.26d | 8.20c | 0.83d | 161.55a |
| V2 | Butanal, 3-methyl-(Isovaleraldehyde) | 3.370 | 13.66b | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 28.30a |
| V3 | Butanal, 2-methyl- | 3.531 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 50.93 |
| V4 | 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (Acetoin) | 4.531 | 299.42 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V5 | 1-Butanol, 2-methyl- | 5.617 | 5.84 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V6 | Propanoic acid, 2-methyl- | 6.163 | 3.13 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V7 | 2,3-Butanediol | 7.405 | 2.61 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V8 | Hexanal | 7.888 | n.d. | 1.52 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V9 | Butanoic acid, 3-methyl- (Isovaleric acid) | 10.222 | 177.52 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V10 | Butanoic acid, 2-methyl- | 10.364 | 8.26 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V11 | 1,2-Propanediol, 2-acetate | 11.489 | 2.51 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V12 | Heptanal | 11.941 | n.d. | 3.96 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V13 | 4-Penten-1-yl acetate | 11.962 | n.d. | n.d. | 3.67 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V14 | 2(5H)-Furanone | 12.104 | 4.42b | 38.01b | 4.11b | 14.64b | 4.95b | 452a |
| V15 | Butyrolactone | 12.127 | n.d. | 24.47 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V16 | Acetic acid, pentyl ester | 12.449 | 3.40e | 3.95d | 11.12a | 8.85b | 5.81c | n.d. |
| V17 | 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- | 14.186 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 6.92 |
| V18 | 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, propanoate | 14.551 | n.d. | 0.56d | 3.16a | 2.20b | 0.84c | n.d. |
| V19 | Carbolic acid | 14.816 | 7.60 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V20 | Diisoamyl ether | 15.746 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.13 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V21 | Acetic acid, hexyl ester | 16.080 | n.d. | 1.13c | 4.22a | 2.86b | 0.90d | n.d. |
| V22 | 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl- | 16.653 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 13.38 | n.d. |
| V23 | D-Limonene | 16.657 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.59 | n.d. | n.d. |
| V24 | Benzeneacetaldehyde | 17.099 | n.d. | 3.86c | n.d. | 4.27b | 1.11d | 13.39a |
| V25 | Butanoic acid, pentyl ester | 17.596 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.65a | 0.58b | n.d. | n.d. |
| V26 | Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)- | 17.717 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 25.28 |
| V27 | Benzaldehyde, 4-methyl- | 18.448 | n.d. | 0.53 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V28 | 2-Nonanone | 18.734 | 3.44 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V29 | Linalool | 19.031 | 2.46a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.77b | n.d. |
| V30 | Nonanal | 19.193 | n.d. | 12.40b | 0.62c | n.d. | 0.94c | 14.98a |
| V31 | Phenylethyl Alcohol | 19.404 | 7.37d | 10.03c | 0.49f | 16.64b | 3.89e | 35.63a |
| V32 | 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-(DDMP) | 20.326 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 62.83 |
| V33 | Acetic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester | 20.559 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.52 | n.d. | n.d. |
| V34 | 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-4-hydroxy- | 20.609 | n.d. | 109.82a | n.d. | n.d. | 9.01b | n.d. |
| V35 | Isophorone | 20.675 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 22.28 |
| V36 | Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, trans- (trans-Menthone) |
20.859 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.60 | n.d. |
| V37 | Acetic acid, phenylmethyl ester | 21.000 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.30b | 0.84a | n.d. |
| V38 | Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, (1α,2β,5α)-(Menthol) | 21.529 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.98 | n.d. |
| V39 | 1,3-Cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde, 2,6,6-trimethyl-(Safranal) | 22.180 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.11b | n.d. | 7.53a |
| V40 | Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- (Coumaran) | 22.630 | 2.59 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V41 | 2-Dodecene, (Z)- | 22.375 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.20 | n.d. |
| V42 | 3-Dodecene, (Z)- | 22.634 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.14 | n.d. |
| V43 | Benzaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl- | 22.659 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.32 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V44 | 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, (S)- | 23.656 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 14.98 |
| V45 | Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- | 23.668 | n.d. | 3.75a | 0.47b | 0.55b | n.d. | n.d. |
| V46 | Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester | 23.773 | 9.96b | 2.34d | n.d. | 32.42a | 3.72c | n.d. |
| V47 | Benzeneacetaldehyde, α-ethylidene- | 24.200 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.97 | n.d. | n.d. |
| V48 | 2-Propenal, 3-phenyl- | 24.337 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.50 | n.d. | n.d. |
| V49 | Dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl- | 24.450 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.34c | 0.67bc | 0.92b | 16.12a |
| V50 | 2-Undecanone | 24.903 | 0.73 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V51 | α-Cubebene | 27.334 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.00a | 0.53b | n.d. |
| V52 | Dodecanal | 28.113 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 1.79 | n.d. |
| V53 | 1-Dodecanol | 29.900 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 4.63 | n.d. |
| V54 | Lauryl acetate | 32.679 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.48 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| V55 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 37.034 | 0.93 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| Total | 700.13 | 217.46 | 27.37 | 93.90 | 58.78 | 833.49 |
1 Means in the same line followed by different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 for each sample (n = 3); RT: Retention Time; SFL1, SFL2: Saffron floral by-products from two different producers; n.d.: not detected.