Table 1.
Linear Mixed Model for Intake per Minute (natural log-transformed)
| Variable | b [95% CI] | t | p * | F | p † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.60 [0.37, 0.83] | 5.17 | <.001 | ||
| Resident positive verbal behaviors/min | 0.72 | .490 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | −0.06 [−0.18, 0.05] | −1.11 | .271 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | −0.05 [−0.14, 0.05] | −0.95 | .343 | ||
| Resident positive/neutral nonverbal behaviors/min | 1.74 | .179 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | 0.08 [−0.04, 0.21] | 1.29 | .201 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | 0.08 [−0.01, 0.17] | 1.78 | .077 | ||
| Resident positive/neutral nonverbal behaviors/min × Length of dyadic mealtime interactions [ln(min)] | 5.67 | .004 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | 0.13 [−0.05, 0.31] | 1.40 | .164 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | −0.15 [−0.27, −0.02] | −2.37 | .019 | ||
| Resident mealtime functional impairments (nonverbal)/min | 2.42 | .093 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | 0.26 [0.08, 0.43] | 2.80 | .006 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | 0.10 [−0.08, 0.29] | 1.11 | .269 | ||
| Resident mealtime functional impairments (nonverbal)/min × food type | 8.44 | <.001 | |||
| Liquid vs solid food (1 or more vs 0) | −0.58 [−0.86, −0.30] | −4.11 | <.001 | ||
| Liquid vs solid food (between 0 and 1 vs 0) | −0.43 [−0.72, −0.15] | −2.98 | .003 | ||
| Resident resistive behaviors (verbal and nonverbal)/min | 0.32 | .727 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | −0.06 [−0.30, 0.17] | −0.54 | .592 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | −0.16 [−0.36, 0.03] | −1.67 | .097 | ||
| Resident resistive behaviors (verbal and nonverbal)/min × food type | 6.50 | .002 | |||
| Liquid vs solid food (1 or more vs 0) | 0.28 [0.01, 0.55] | 2.01 | .046 | ||
| Liquid vs solid food (between 0 and 1 vs 0) | 0.43 [0.19, 0.67] | 3.60 | <.001 | ||
| Resident resistive behaviors (verbal and nonverbal)/min × staff person-centered verbal approaches/min | 7.13 | .001 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | −0.07 [−0.11, −0.03] | −3.78 | <.001 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | −0.04 [−0.08, −0.01] | −2.43 | .016 | ||
| Staff person-centered nonverbal approaches/min | 0.04 [0.02, 0.07] | 3.51 | .001 | 12.34 | .001 |
| Staff person-centered nonverbal approaches/min × Length of dyadic mealtime interactions [ln(min)] | 0.04 [0.01, 0.06] | 3.09 | .003 | 9.54 | .003 |
| Staff person-centered verbal approaches/min | 0.03 [0.00, 0.06] | 2.06 | .042 | 0.37 | .544 |
| Staff task-centered approaches (verbal and nonverbal)/min | 0.63 | .534 | |||
| 1 or more vs 0 | −0.07 [−0.21, 0.06] | −1.05 | .294 | ||
| Between 0 and 1 vs 0 | −0.01 [−0.09, 0.08] | −0.12 | .901 | ||
| Food type (liquid vs solid food) | −0.06 [−0.33, 0.20] | −0.48 | .634 | 9.29 | .003 |
| Length of dyadic mealtime interactions [ln(min)] | −0.03 [−0.16, 0.11] | −0.40 | .691 | 0.31 | .581 |
| Resident age (yr) | −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00] | −3.36 | .001 | 11.29 | .001 |
| Resident gender (female vs male) | −0.20 [−0.31, −0.10] | −4.04 | .001 | 16.30 | .001 |
| Resident eating function | 6.61 | .008 | |||
| Partially (in)dependent vs dependent | 0.21 [0.07, 0.35] | 3.30 | .006 | ||
| Independent vs dependent | 0.05 [−0.08, 0.18] | 0.76 | .450 |
Notes: N = 155 videos. Resident positive verbal behaviors/min = number of resident positive utterances, per minute. Resident positive/neutral nonverbal behaviors/min = number of resident nonverbal positive or neutral behaviors, per minute. Resident mealtime functional impairments (nonverbal)/min = number of resident nonverbal behaviors indicating chewing or swallowing difficulties, or other functional difficulties in transporting food from the container to the mouth, per minute. Resident resistive behaviors/min = number of resident verbal or nonverbal negative behaviors that indicate resistiveness to care or food per minute. Staff person-centered verbal approaches/min = number of person-centered utterances made by staff towards residents, per minute. Staff person-centered nonverbal approaches/min = number of staff nonverbal person-centered behaviors that support resident abilities, dyadic interactions, and physical and social dining environments, per minute. Staff task-centered approaches (verbal and nonverbal)/min = number of staff negative verbal or nonverbal behaviors, per minute. Resident eating function = proportion of food intake episodes initiated by resident: independent = 75%–100% of food intake episodes initiated by resident; partially (in)dependent = between 25% and 75% of food intake episodes initiated by resident; dependent = 0%–25% of food intake episodes initiated by resident. b = unstandardized regression coefficient estimate; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
*p Values for a t test of significance of an effect or a level of an effect.
† p Values for an F-test of significance of each effect overall.