Table 3.

Adverse Drugs Reactions and Drug–Drug Interactions by Group

Variable	Full Cohort				P Value	Propensity Score–Matched Cohort				P Value
	Negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (n = 66)		Positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (n = 188)			Negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (n = 66)		Positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (n = 132)
	No.	% a	No.	% a		No.	% a	No.	% a
Presence of any adverse drugs reaction b	19	28.8	87	46.3	.013 c	19	28.8	64	48.5	.008 c
Diarrhea	7	36.8	37	42.5	.649 c	7	36.8	28	43.8	.592 c
Neurological symptoms	1	5.3	3	3.4	.552 d	1	5.3	3	4.7	>.999 d
Elevation of liver-enzyme levels	5	26.3	23	26.4	.991 c	5	26.3	20	31.3	.681 c
Renal insufficiency	2	10.5	9	10.3	.981 c	2	10.5	8	12.5	.816 c
Electrolyte disturbances	0	0.0	1	1.1	>.999 d	0	0.0	1	1.6	>.999 d
Nausea, vomiting	2	10.5	29	33.3	.048 c	2	10.5	19	29.7	.092 c
Others	6	31.6	15	17.2	.155 c	6	31.6	7	10.9	.030 c
Interval between start of COVID-19 treatment and ADR					.050 e					.016 e
Median days, IQR	1	0–2	2	1–4		1	0–2	2	1–4
Presence of drug–drug interactions	60	90.9%	174	92.6%	.670 c	60	90.9	122	92.4	.712 c
No. of drug–drug interactions					.163 e					.285 e
Median days, IQR	3	1–5.5	3.5	1–7		3.0	1–5.5	3.0	1–7
No. of drug–drug interactions directly related to COVID-19 treatment					<.001 e					<.001 e
Median days, IQR	1	1–3	3	1–5		1.0	1–3	3.0	1–5

Note. SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ADR, adverse drug reactions; IQR, interquartile range.

^a Percentage unless otherwise specified.

^b Some patients had >1 adverse drug reaction simultaneously.

^c Data presented as no. and %, compared by χ² test.

^d Data presented as no. and % compared using the Fisher exact test.

^e Data presented as median and interquartile range, compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.