Table 3.
Measured parameters in different studied groups.
| Parameters | Group 1 (Control) |
Group 2 (HCC) | Group 3 (Induced HCC + Crocin) | Group 4 (Induced HCC + Sorafenib) | Group 5 (Induced HCC + Sorafenib/Crocin) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | ALT (U/L) | 16.99 ± 3.98 | 79.80 ± 10.35 a | 21.00 ± 5.66 b | 37.00 ± 4.80 a, b | 32.00 ± 8.06 a, b |
| AST (U/L) | 20.36 ± 4.72 | 107.10 ± 8.96 a | 26.00 ± 7.38 b | 55.20 ± 25.37 a, b | 45.76 ± 4.73 a, b | |
| ALP (U/L) | 43.80 ± 3.56 | 134.40 ± 14.47 a | 45.20 ± 6.34 b | 98.40 ± 22.07 a, b | 56.00 ± 7.28 b | |
| TP (mg/mL) | 6.91 ± 0.78 | 10.98 ± 0.95 a | 7.52 ± 0.76 b | 9.36 ± 0.48 a, b | 9.48 ± 0.49 a, b | |
| Conjugated bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 1.81 ± 0.31 a | 0.38 ± 0.13 b | 0.98 ± 0.08 a, b | 0.88 ± 0.15 a, b, c | |
| TC (mg/dL) | 121.20 ± 12.99 | 254.40 ± 35.56 a | 124.60 ± 8.08 b | 197.80 ± 11.58 a, b | 126.40 ± 6.88 b | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 73.80 ± 3.11 | 144.00 ± 38.97 a | 76.20 ± 4.15 b | 118.60 ± 9.37 a, b | 76.60 ± 4.67 b | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 7.24 ± 1.27 | 26.60 ± 6.11 a | 10.92 ± 3.46 b | 19.38 ± 2.88 a, b | 7.56 ± 0.96 b | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 4.99 ± 0.79 | 23.34 ± 5.53 a | 6.16 ± 1.43 b | 14.75 ± 1.77 a, b | 5.52 ± 1.03 b | |
| LDH (U/L) | 158.00 ± 19.20 | 448.40 ± 83.25 a | 214.00 ± 43.78 b | 337.20 ± 93.08 a, b | 207.60 ± 16.56 b, c | |
| Serum tumor marker PIVKA-II (mAU/mL) | 3.50 ± 0.55 | 17.34 ± 2.05 a | 7.34 ± 1.63 a, b | 13.36 ± 1.24 a, b | 8.53 ± 1.41 a, b | |
| Tissue homogenates | GSH (ng/mg proteins) | 17.90 ± 5.37 | 2.08 ± 0.65 a | 10.84 ± 2.07 a, b | 5.82 ± 2.53 a, b | 12.04 ± 2.48 a, b |
| MDA (nmol/mg proteins) | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 1.63 ± 0.31 a | 0.77 ± 0.23 a, b | 1.19 ± 0.23 a, b | 0.77 ± 0.17 a, b | |
| Homogenate tumor marker AFP (ng/mg proteins) | 13.64 ± 2.71 | 72.12 ± 10.87 a | 22.84 ± 2.18 a, b | 52.60 ± 10.16 a, b | 25.16 ± 4.61 a, b, c | |
Data were expressed as mean +/− standard deviation. Significance was made using one-way ANOVA test followed by least significant test. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; TP: total protein; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6: interleukin-6; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; PIVKA-II: Protein induced by vitamin K absence-II; GSH: glutathione; MDA: malonaldehyde; AFP: α fetoprotein. a: significance versus Group 1. b: significance versus Group 2; c: significance versus Group 4. Significance at p < 0.050.