TABLE 2.
Material properties of finite element analysis models.
| Young modulus (MPa) | Poisson ratio | Element type | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | ||||
| Normal vertebral body | 0.69ρ1.35 | 0.3 | C3D4 | Rho et al. (1995) |
| Osteoporotic vertebral body | (0.69ρ1.35) a 67% | 0.3 | C3D4 | (Polikeit et al., 2003d), (Salvatore et al., 2018) |
| Normal endplate | 1000 | 0.4 | C3D8 | Bereczki et al. (2021) |
| Osteoporotic endplate | 670 (67% of normal) | 0.4 | C3D8 | Salvatore et al. (2018) |
| Intervertebral disc | C3D8 | Wang and Guo, (2021) | ||
| Annulus ground substance | 4.2 | 0.45 | ||
| Nucleus pulposus | 1 | 0.499 | ||
| Ligaments | spring | Guo et al. (2020c) | ||
| ALL a | 20 | 0.3 | ||
| PLL a | 20 | 0.3 | ||
| LF a | 19.5 | 0.3 | ||
| ITL a | 59 | 0.3 | ||
| ISL a | 12 | 0.3 | ||
| SSL a | 15 | 0.3 | ||
| CL a | 7.5 | 0.3 | ||
| Bone cement (PMMA a ) | 3000 | 0.4 | C3D4 | Yang et al. (2016a) |
a
ALL, anterior longitudinal ligament; PLL, posterior longitudinal ligament; LF, ligamentum flavum; ITL, intertransverse ligament; ISL, interspinous ligament; SSL, supraspinous ligament; CL, capsular ligament; PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate.