Figure 1.

Hypothetical multipathogenic mechanism of interconnected signaling cascades leading to keratinocyte apoptolysis in pemphigus (modified from Marchenko et al. [19]). AMA: antimitochondrial antibodies; Anti-Dsg3 PVAb: anti-desmoglein 3 PV antibody; Cs: caspase; Dsg3: desmoglein-3; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; FasL: Fas ligand; FasR: Fas receptor; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; NO: nitric oxide; nDPVAb: non-Dsg PV antibodies; OPVAg: other PV antigens; PKC: protein kinase C; PVAb: PV antibody; Src: SRC proto-oncogene, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.