Figure 10.

Effects of withagenin A diglucoside (WAD) on the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were treated with WAD (50 and 100 μM), U0126 (10 μM), and/or LY294002 (10 μM) for 24 h. Cells were treated with culture media containing 0.5% DMSO as vehicle controls. Protein expression levels of (A,B) phospho-VEGFR2), VEGFR2, (C,D) phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Phospho-ERK), ERK, (E–H) phospho-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Phospho-PI3K), PI3K, phospho-Akt, Akt, phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (Phospho-mTOR), mTOR, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Each bar graph presents the densitometric quantification of protein expression levels. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). n = 3, * p < 0.05 compared with the control.