Table 2.

Various nano-formulations systems of different bioactive compounds and their functional and physical properties.

Nano formulated Bioactive Compounds	Solubility	Stability	Nanofabricated Method/Source	Bioavailability/Release Kinetics	Main Findings	References
Rutin and Quercetin	Water-insoluble	Sensitive to light, oxidation, pH	PLGA	Release of quercetin ~64% after 3 days of injection, in vivo	Study of anticancer activity	[16]
Curcumin	Poor water solubility	Sensitive to oxygen, light	Curcumin Hydrogel beads (CHBs)	Cucumin release was 67% after 2 h, and 67% after 4 h	Mask bitterness, enhance solubility, and increase the bioavailability	[17]
Vitamin E	Water- insoluble	Sensitive to oxygen, light, pH	Oil –in water emulsion	Bioaccessibility of developed emulsions was in the range of 65–85%	Increased storage stability (Vitamin E fortified emulsions)	[18]
Vitamin E	Water -insoluble	Sensitive to oxygen, light, pH	Spiral dextrin inclusion complexes	95% of Vit E and 98% of soy isoflavone released after 80 min	Study of release kinetics of bioactive compound and Antioxidant capacity during the simulated gastrointestinal tract	[19]
Curcumin	Water-insoluble	Sensitive to light, heat, iron ion	Spi-Fuc polymer-core-shell nanoparticles	Release rates of curcumin were 96.25% and 82.69% after 4 h	Stability studies, delivering lipid soluble active ingredients	[20]
Curcumin and piperine	Water-insoluble	Sensitive to light, heat, iron ion	Nanoemulsion	Release of curcumin 40%, release of piperine 7.5% after 72 h	The activity of curcumin on HCT 116 Colorectal Cancer Model	[21]
Kaempferol glucoside	Water insoluble	Sensitive to oxidation, light, pH	Gold nanoparticles	-	Catalytic, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of gold nanoparticles	[22]
Berberine	Low water solubility	Sensitive to heat and pH	Liquid crystalline nanoparticle	80% of berberine released after 24 h	Anticancer activity in MCF7 human breast cancer cells	[23]
Carvacrol and linalool	Water insoluble	Sensitive to oxidation, light, pH	β-cyclodextrin-grafted chitosan	Carvacrol released—49% after 600 min, linalool released—71% after 460 min	sustainable biopesticide aiming pest control	[24]
Astaxanthin	Low water solubility	Sensitive to oxygen, light, heat, pH	Lupin protein-based Pickering emulsion	Astaxanthin powder exhibited 80% bioaccessibility	Usage as a food ingredientLupin protein-based particles	[25]