Table 10.
List of nanocarrier applications in oral drug delivery.
| Nano-System | Composition | Drug Molecule Size (nm) | Size (nm) | Cell Line/Animal Model | Disease or Targeted Organ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendrimers | G3.5 PAMAM | SN38 | - | Caco-2 cells and HT-29/female CD-1 mice | Colorectal cancer metastases | [196] |
| Ethylene diamine and methyl acrylate | SN38 camptothecin | 13 | CD-1 mice | Oral chemotherapy of hepatic colorectal cancer metastases | [197] | |
| PAMAM | Short hairpin RNA | 107–315 | Tca8113 cells/BALB/c nude mice | Oral cancer therapy | [198] | |
| Micelles | Polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide (PEO-PPO-PEO) | Paclitaxel | 180 | Female C57BL/6J mice | Oral cancer therapy | [199] |
| N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (NOSC) | Paclitaxel | Caco-2/SD rats | Improved oral bioavailability | [200] | ||
| Bovine-casein | Celecoxib, Paclitaxel | 20 | Human N-87 gastric cancer cells | Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gastric carcinoma | [201,202] | |
| Tocopherol succinate glycol chitosan conjugates | Ketoconazole | 101 | Caco-2 cell monolayer | Improved oral bioavailability | [203] | |
| Mixed micelles |
Pluronic copolymers and LHR conjugate | Paclitaxel | 140 | MCF-7 cells | Oral anticancer delivery system | [204] |
| Vesicles | PLA-P85-PLA | Insulin | 178 | OVCAR-3 cells/diabetic mice | Oral insulin delivery | [205] |
| Liposomes | Lecithins | Curcumin | 263 | Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats | Improved oral bioavailability | [206] |
| SLN | Iyceryl monostearate (GMS) | Vinpocetine | 70–200 | Male Wistar rats | Improved oral bioavailability | [207] |
| Polymeric microspheres |
Chitosan and alginate | Insulin | 5–7 µm | Male SD rats | Diabetes mellitus | [208] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | PLGA | Cyclosporine | 143 nm | Male SD rats | Improved oral bioavailability | [209] |
| Silica | Resveratol | 90 nm | Caco-2 cell monolayer | Enhanced the solubility, permeability and anti- inflammatory activity of resveratrol encapsulated in NPs | [210] | |
| Multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles | Galactose-modified trimethyl chitosan-cysteine conjugates with various galactose grafting densities | shRNA and siRNA | 130–160 nm | Caco-2 cells/tumour-bearing mice | Targeted treatment of hepatoma | [211] |
| Mannose-modified trimethyl chitosan-cysteine (MTC) conjugates | Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) siRNA | 152.9 nm | Caco-2 cells, RAW 264.7 (monocyte/macrophage-like cells)/acute hepatic injury-induced mice | Treatment of systemic inflammatory conditions | [212] | |
| Lectin-conjugated PLGA-NPs | Betamethasone | 475 nm | TNBS- induced colitis mice | Treatments of ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease | [213] |
Reprinted and adapted with permission from ref. [57]. Copyright 2021, Frontiers in Pharmacology.