Table 1.
Origin | Sample Extraction |
Analytical Method | Phytochemical | Amount of Phytochemical | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | Methanol (80%) | Folin–Ciocalteu | TPC | ~1.4 mg CA/g FW | [9] |
Methanol (80%) | pH-differential | TAC | <0.1 mg anthocyanins/g FW | ||
USA | Ethanol (80%) | Folin–Ciocalteu | TPC | ~0.1 mg CA/g FW | [20] |
Bangladesh | Acetone:water (7:3, v/v) | Folin-Ciocalteu | TPC | 94.3 to 136.1 mg GA/100 g FW | [13] |
Kenya | Methanol (80%) | Folin–Ciocalteu | TPC | TPC mg GA/100 g DW:
|
[18,25] |
Aluminum chloride |
TPC | TPC mg catechin/100 g DW:
|
|||
USA | Ethanol (80%) | Folin–Ciocalteu | TPC | 57.1 to 78.6 mg CA/100 g FW | [20] |
HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS | Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, di-O-caffeoylquinic acids | Phenolic acids mg/100 g FW:
|
|||
Pakistan | Ethyl acetate | Folin–Ciocalteu | TPC | 319.8 μg GA/mg DE | [26] |
Methanol | 262.6 μg GA/mg DE | ||||
Ethyl acetate | Aluminum chloride |
TFC | 208.8 μg quercetin/mg DE | ||
Methanol | 177.8 μg quercetin/mg DE | ||||
Korea | Methanol (50%) withn1.2 M HCl at 80 °C | HPLC system | Quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin, ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, sinapic, syringic, and vanillic acids. | Flavonoids: 127.1 µg/g DW (Quercetin: 59.9, myricetin: 39.8, kaempferol: 18.9, luteolin: 8.5) Phenolic acids: 71.1 µg/g DW (p-hydroxybenzoic acid:7.8, vanillic acid 7.9, syringic acid:3.8, p-coumaric:11.9, ferulic acid:24.6, sinapic acid:15.2) |
[27] |
CA: chlorogenic acid; DE: dry extract; DW: dry weight; FW: Fresh weight; GA: gallic acid, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; TPC: Total phenolic content; TFC: Total flavonoid content; TAC: Total anthocyanin content.