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. 2022 Sep 7;11(9):1765. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091765

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation by DLA. A 96-well plate was seeded with cells (2 × 105 cells/mL) and incubated for 24 h. Following this, the cells were exposed to DLA (12.5–50 µM) or vehicle alone for 20 h and/or for 3 h, then to LPS (500 ng/mL), and finally they were incubated for 30 min. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the effects of DLA on extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), phosphorylation were examined, and the relative change was calculated (A) # p < 0.05 vs. treatment with vehicle control; ** p < 0.05 vs. treatment with LPS alone. NO production (B) and ROS generation (C) in the presence of various inhibitors were determined according to the method described in the Materials and Methods section. # p < 0.05 vs. treatment with vehicle control; ** p < 0.05 vs. treatment with LPS alone, ns: non-significant vs. treatments with the respective inhibitors alone.