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. 2022 Sep 14;11(9):1814. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091814

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Oxidative stress in Calu-3 cells induced by <220 nm-sized road-deposited dust particles (UF-RDPs). Calu-3 cells were loaded with the ROS probe CM-DCFH-DA and exposed to UF-RDPs (0–300 µg/mL) from Lancaster (A) and Birmingham (B) (UK) and Mexico City (Mexico) (C). Generation of ROS was measured after 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h (D) exposure. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used at 100 µM as a positive control. A one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc was conducted, comparing treated cells to the untreated control (* for A–C and for D: • Lancaster, ₀ Birmingham, # Mexico City) and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction to compare the impacts of the UF-RDPs from the three different locations (^). Statistical significance levels used are: *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ***, p ≤ 0.001; ****, p ≤ 0.0001 where * may be substituted for ^, #, • or ₀ depending on the city or comparison being made.