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. 2022 Sep 14;11(9):1814. doi: 10.3390/antiox11091814

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Calu-3 cells treated with <220 nm-sized road-deposited dust particles (UF-RDPs). Calu-3 cells were exposed (0–300 µg/mL) to UF-RDPs from Lancaster and Birmingham (UK) and Mexico City (Mexico) for 24 h. IL-6 (A) and IL-8 (B) concentrations in the media were quantified via ELISA. Data were adjusted using MTS (cell viability) data from Calu-3 cells treated in the same manner. A one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc was conducted, comparing treated cells to the untreated control. (* Lancaster, ₀ Birmingham, # Mexico City) and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction to compare the impacts of the UF-RDPs from the three different locations (^). Statistical significance levels used are: *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ***, p ≤ 0.001; ****, p ≤ 0.0001 where * may be substituted for ^, # or ₀ depending on the city or comparison being made.