Table 2.

Nanomaterial-based biosensing platform towards clinically relevant gut metabolites detection.

Metabolite	Nanomaterial Based Biosensing Platform	Electrochemical Technique	Limit of Detection (LOD)	Linear Detection Range (LDR)	Real Sample	Ref.
TMAO	MIP/ITO	DPV	1 ppm	1–15 ppm	Urine	[15]
	PAH@MnO2	-	<6.7 μM	15.6 to 500 μM	Urine	[171]
	TorA/GOD/Cat	Amperometry	10 µM	2 µM–15 mM	Human serum	[172]
	S.loihica PV-4	Chronoamperometry	5.96 lM	0 to 250 µM	Real serum	[173]
Indoxyl sulfate (IS)	GR-SPE	SWV	0.064 μM	0.5–80 μM	Human serum and urine	[181]
	Carbon composite film electrode	Voltammetric	0.72 μmol L−1	-	Urine	[182]
Trimethylamine (TMA)	Organic field effect transistors (OFETs)	-	-	0–8 ppm	Marine fishes and seafood	[183]
	Poly(Py-FMO3-ferrocene-co-py	EIS	0.4 g mL−1	0.4–80 gmL−1	Fish extract	[184]
	FMO3 immobilized biosensor	-	-	1.0–50.0 mmol L−1	Fish-extract	[185]