Table 2.
Renal pathophysiology in the NA-STZ rodent model.
| Rodent Model (NA/STZ, mg/kg) | Analysis Time Point after NA/STZ Injections | Measured Renal Pathophysiology | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rat (200/55) | 2 months | Increased serum Cre and proteinuria, advanced glomerulosclerosis | [51] |
| Rat (110/65) | 4 weeks | Increased kidney index and BUN, decreased NAD and ATP contents in renal cells, increased oxidative damage | [52] |
| Rat (110/65) | 6 weeks | Increased renal triglycerides, enlarged Bowman’s capsule, Congested glomeruli, elevated serum Cre and BUN | [53] |
| Rat (200/65) | 2 weeks | Increased renal vitamin A and C | [54] |
| Rat (110/55) | 4 weeks | Increased BUN and serum creatinine, increased renal Oxidative stress, and decreased renal antioxidants | [49] |
| Rat (230/65) | 30 days | Increased levels of serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, and BUN | [55] |
| Rat (200/55) | 21 days | Increased urinary α1-macroglobulin excretion, increased serum uric acid and BUN, and enlarged glomerular diameter | [56] |
| Rat (120/50) | 4 weeks | Elevated serum fructosamine, increased serum creatinine and urea | [57] |
| Rat (100/50) | 8 weeks | Increased urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, urea uric acid, and Cre | [58] |
| Rat (110/65) | 6 weeks | Increased serum Cre, BUN, and uric acid | [59] |
| Rat (110/65) | 6 weeks | Increased kidney–body index, elevated levels of serum Cre, BUN, uric acid, and urinary protein | [60] |
| Mouse (180/60/HFD) | 8 weeks | Increased serum Cre and kidney–body index | [61] |
| Rat (110/65) | 4 weeks | Increased serum Cre and BUN | [62] |
| Rat (230/65) | 45 days | Elevated levels of BUN, serum uric acid, and Cre | [63] |
| Rat (230/65) | 8 weeks | Increased ratio of urinary albumin to urinary Cre | [64] |
| Rat (230/65) | 12 weeks | Increased albuminuria and increased serum Cre | [65] |
| Rat (110/65) | 35 days | Increase in histological tubular injury | [66] |
| Rat (230/65) | 30 days | Increased levels of serum urea, uric acid, Cre, and BUN | [67] |
| Rat (110/45) | 45 days | Multiple foci of hemorrhage, necrosis, and swelling tubules | [68] |
| Rat (120/40) | 4 weeks | Increased BUN and serum Cre, increased kidney index and glomerular size | [69] |
| Mouse (120/60) | 5 weeks | Increased levels of BUN, serum Cre, uric acid, and urea, elevated levels of urine protein | [70] |
| Rat (110/65) | 40 days | Increased levels of urea, uric acid, and Cre in the sera | [71] |
| Rat (120/60) | 5 weeks | Increased renal tubular vacuolation and tubular degeneration | [72] |
| Rat (120/60) | 45 days | Increased levels of serum urea, uric acid, and Cre | [73] |
| Rat (85/65) | 8 weeks | Increased serum glucose, urea, and Cre with albuminuria | [74] |
| Rat (110/55) | 6 weeks | Increase in: Kim-1, serum Cre, BUN, uric acid, and urine albumin/Cre ratio | [75] |
| Rat (110/55) | 6 weeks | Glomerular and tubular injuries observed histochemically | [76] |
| Rat (230/65) | 12 weeks | Increased serum Cre and albumin to Cre ratio, glomerular and tubular injury observed histochemically | [48] |
| Rat (230/55) | 6 weeks | Increased serum Cre and BUN with decreased urine Cre | [77] |
| Mouse (240/100/HFD) | 8 weeks | Increased microphage infiltration in the kidney | [78] |
| Rat (230/65) | 45 days | Increased levels of blood urea, uric acid, BUN, and Cre | [79] |
| Rat (110/55) | 28 days | Decreased Cre clearance, increased BUN and uric acid, increased urine protein contents | [80] |
| Rat (110/65) | 21 days | Decrased renal antioxidant power with increased renal oxidative damage | [81] |
| Rat (230/65) | 12 weeks | Increased hemorrhage and neutrophils gathering in the kidney | [82] |
| Rat (110/50) | 30 days | Decrease in Cre clearance, tubular lumen dilation, swelling of proximal tubular cells with tubular cell necrosis and intraluminal casts | [83] |
| Rat (100/60) | 4 weeks | Increased kidney index, increased urine albumin, thickening of the basement membrane of renal tubule | [84] |
| Rat (110/45) | 45 days | Increased levels of Cre and proteinuria, podocyte hypertrophy | [85] |
| Mouse (120/100) | 4 weeks | Increased fibrotic deposition in the kidney | [86] |
| Rat (120/60) | 60 days | Increased urine volume and urine albumin, increased serum uric acid | [87] |
| Rat (110/65) | 4 weeks | Tubules with vacuolated cells, glomerulai exhibiting mesangial thickening | [88] |
| Rat (120/60) | 28 days | Increased blood urea, glomerular enlargement, and sclerosis | [89] |
| Rat (110/65) | 45 days | Increased fatty acid contents in the kidney | [90] |
| Rat (210/55) | 8 weeks | Increased BUN and serum Cre with elevated proteinuria | [19] |
| Rat (110/50) | 6 weeks | Increased serum Cre, uric acid, and proteinuria, decrease in creatinine clearance | [91] |
| Rat (110/55) | 28 days | Increased BUN, serum creatinine, and uric acid with proteinuria | [92] |
| Rat (100/55) | 28 days | Increased serum Cre and urea, glomerular architecture deranged | [93] |
Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cre, creatinine; HFD, high fat diet.