Table 3.
Renoprotective materials tested by the NA-STZ type 2 diabetes animal models.
| Renoprotective Materials |
Rodent Model (NA/STZ, mg/kg) |
Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1,8 Cineole | Rat (200/55) | Glyoxalase-I induction | [51] |
| Abroma augusta L leaf | Rat (110/65) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [52] |
| Acetate | Rat (110/65) | Suppressing xanthine oxidase activity | [53] |
| Abrus precatorius leaf | Rat (110/60) | Total antioxidant increase in kidney | [98] |
| Ascomycetes | Rat (200/65) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [54] |
| Betanin | Rat (110/45) | Antioxidative damage | [99] |
| Bitter Gourd Honey | Rat (110/55) | Antioxidation, anti-inflammation | [49] |
| Bocopa monnieri | Rat (230/65) | Inhibiting AGEs formation | [55] |
| Brucea javanica seeds | Rat (100/60) | Inhibiting alpha-glucosidase | [100] |
| Cichorium intybus L seed | Rat (200/55) | Improving blood and urine parameters | [56] |
| Citrus reticulate fruit peel | Rat (120/50) | Antioxidative stress | [57] |
| Combretum micranthum | Rat (100/50) | Elevating SOD and catalase activities | [58] |
| CoQ-10/metformin | Rat (110/65) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [59] |
| CoQ-10/sitagliptin | Rat (110/65) | Enhancing antioxidant system | [60] |
| Cordyceps militaris | Mouse (180/60) | Decreasing serum creatinine levels | [61] |
| Crocin | Rat (110/65) | Antioxidation | [62] |
| Curculigo orchiodies | Rat (230/65) | Antioxidation, anti-hyperlipidemia | [63] |
| Dapagliflozin | Rat (230/65) | Normalizing renal corpuscles histology | [64] |
| Dapagliflozin/irbesartan | Rat (230/65) | Inhibiting AGEs formation | [65] |
| Dietary flaxseed | Rat (110/65) | Antioxidative stress | [66] |
| Dillenia Indica L | Rat (230/65) | Inhibiting AGEs formation | [67] |
| Diosmin | Rat (110/45) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [68] |
| Ellagic acid/pioglitazone | Rat (175/65) | Improving kidney function markers | [101] |
| Empagliflozin | Rat (120/40) | Decreasing BUN, creatinine, and oxidative stress | [69] |
| Eysenhardtia polystachya | Mouse (120/60) | Inhibiting glycation | [70] |
| Garlic extract | Rat (110/65) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [71] |
| Grain amaranth | Rat (120/60) | Improving renal calcium metabolism | [72] |
| Glycosin | Rat (120/60) | Decreasing blood urea and creatinine | [73] |
| Hypericum perforatum | Rat (85/65) | Antioxidative stress | [74] |
| Lipoic acid | Rat (110/55) | Activating CSE/H2S pathway | [75,76] |
| L-NAME | Rat (230/65) | Increasing blood glucose | [48] |
| Manilkara zapota extract | Rat (120/60) | Reversing glomerulosclerosis | [102] |
| Metformin | Rat (230/55) | Decreasing BUN and serum creatinine | [77] |
| Myrciaria cauliflora | Mouse (240/100) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [78] |
| Naringenin | Rat (120/60) | TRB3-FoxO1 downregulation | [97] |
| Oligo-fucoidan | HFD-Mouse (200/50) | Activation of Nrf2 and Sirt1 | [41] |
| Paeonia emodi | Rat (230/65) | Inhibiting glycation end products | [79] |
| Phyllanthus niruri leaves | Rat (110/55) | Antioxidative stress | [80] |
| Pioglitazone | Rat (110/65) | Antioxidation | [81] |
| Pomegranate | Rat (120/60) | Antioxidative stress | [103] |
| Quercetin | Rat (230/65) | Anti-apoptosis | [82] |
| Resveratrol | Rat (110/50) | Attenuating oxidative stress | [83,104] |
| Rhinacanthins | Rat (100/60) | Inhibiting oxidative stress | [84] |
| S-allylcysteine | Rat (110/45) | Attenuating oxidative stress | [85] |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | Mouse (120/100) | AMPK activation | [86] |
| Silymarin | Rat (120/60) | Lowering serum creatinine and uric acid | [87] |
| Strawberry | Rat (110/65) | Enhancing kidney antioxidant defense | [88] |
| Syzygium calophyllifolium Rat | (120/60) | Enhancing kidney antioxidant defense | [89] |
| Tetrahydrocurcumin | Rat (110/65) | Preventing fatty acid changes in the kidney | [90] |
| Tetramethylpyrazine | Rat (210/55) | Akt signaling pathway activation | [19] |
| Vanillic acid | Rat (110/50) | Attenuating oxidative stress | [91] |
| Tilianin | Rat (110/55) | Nrf2 signaling pathway activation | [92] |
| Zanthoxylum | |||
| Zanthoxyloides extract | Rat (100/55) | Improved kidney histology and biomarkers | [93] |
Note: This table is not meant to be exhaustive and only shows the materials tested for their renoprotective effects. Therefore, antidiabetic materials screened using this model but not focusing on diabetic nephropathy are not included in this table. AGEs = advanced glycation end products.