Table 2.

Clinical trials of ginseng or ginsenosides in improving CI.

Treatment	Study Design	Diseases	Sample Size	Treatment Dosage and Rote	Outcomes	References
Sun ginseng-135 (ginsenoside complex)	Randomized, open-label trial	AD	40	From 1.5 g/day up to 4.5 g/day; oral administration	MMSE scores and ADAS scores were improved	Heo et al. [11]
Korean red ginseng (KRG) (containing 8.54% of ginsenosides)	Randomized, open-label trial	AD	31	4.5 g/day or 9 g/day; oral administration	CDR and ADAS scores were significantly improved	Heo et al. [44]
Panax ginseng powder (contains total 8.19% of ginsenosides)	Randomized controlled trial	AD	97	4.5 g/day or 9 g/day; oral administration	ADAS and the MMSE score show improvements during ginseng treatment	Lee et al. [45]
KRG	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trail	Healthy individuals	51	1000 mg/d (500 mg/capsule × 2 capsules). oral administration	Gray matter volume in the left parahippocampal gyrus and the composite score of combined cognitive function were significantly increased	Namgung et al. [46]
HT1001 (consists of a mixture of important ginsenosides)	Randomized controlled trial	Schizophrenia	64	100 mg/day; oral administration	Visual working memory was significantly improved, extrapyramidal symptoms were significantly reduced	Chen et al. [48]
KRG (contained major ginsenosides)	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	Participants with high-stress occupations	63	500 mg of KRG powder per capsule; oral administration	Triglyceride levels were significantly increased, epinephrine level was decreased	Beak et al. [49]
Cereboost™ (10.65% ginsenosides )	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover	Healthy young adults	32	100, 200, or 400 mg/day; oral administration	Working memory was improved	Scholey et al. [50]
G115 (ginsenoside complex)	Double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover	Healthy young adults	27	200 mg/day; oral administration	Enhancing cognitive performance	Reay et al. [51]